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CGP Computer Science > 01 Section 3 - Ethical and Cultural Issues > Flashcards

01 Section 3 - Ethical and Cultural Issues Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an ethical issue?

A

Ethical issues are what would be considered right and wrong by society

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2
Q

What is a legal issue?

A

Legal issues are about what is actually right and wrong in the eyes of the law

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3
Q

What is a cultural issue?

A

Cultural issues are about how groups of people with particular beliefs, practices or languages may be affected (e.g. ethnic groups, religions. countries)

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4
Q

What is an environmental issue?

A

Environmental issues are about how we impact the natural world

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5
Q

What is a code of conduct?

A

Many companies have this, because if they acted legally but not ethically they would lose public trust
-it is a set of rules that the company and employees will follow
A company may invent its own or agree to a standard one

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6
Q

What are stakeholders?

A

Stakeholders are individuals or groups of people who have an interest in or are affected by a particular scenario

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7
Q

What are examples of stakeholders? (in terms of a computing setting)

A
  • a companies owners
  • companies employees
  • the shop that sells the companies product
  • customers
  • the companies hardware suppliers
  • the local community
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8
Q

What is the differences between groups of stakeholders?

A

-have different priorities which may conflict with those of others

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9
Q

Why is it hard to keep information private on the internet?

A
  • Many websites and social media require users to input personal information to set up an account
  • cloud computing allow users to save personal files to their surfaces
  • companies may make your personal information available to other website users, they may sell your information
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10
Q

What is a privacy agreement?

A

An agreement made by a company which states what they can do with the information they hold about you
-users will accept a privacy agreement before using many websites and software, even without reading it in many cases, and users often have no choice but to agree or just not use the software

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11
Q

Why do companies sell your personal information?

A

personal details, buying habits, likes/dislikes are sold to other organisations so they can send you targeted adverts or spam emails

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12
Q

How can users make the information they share more private?

A
  • changing their privacy settings

- but on the bottom line users have to trust companies to keep their data secure, although this doesn’t always happen

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13
Q

What is internet censorship?

A

When someone tries to control what other people can access on the internet
-some countries governments use censorship to restrict access to certain information

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14
Q

What is one of the strictest countries for censorship?

A

China

  • they restrict access to websites which are critical of the government
  • censors major foreign websites Facebook, Youtube and Twitter

Cuba
-people can only access the internet from government-controlled access points

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15
Q

What censorship does the UK use?

A

Most governments use some form of censorship

-the UK restricts access to pornography, gambling to protect children

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16
Q

What is computer surveillance?

A

When someone monitors what other people are accessing on the internet

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17
Q

Why do government intelligence agencies use computer surveillance?

A

Use packet sniffers to monitor internet traffic, looking out for certain key words and phrases that might alert them of illegal activities
-in some countries Internet Service Providers keep record of the websites visited by its customers

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18
Q

What does ISP stand for?

A

Internet Service Provider

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19
Q

Why do some people support internet surveillance and censorship?

A
  • to protect children

- to stop terrorism

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20
Q

Why do some people not support internet surveillance and censorship?

A

several non-profit organisations campaign against what they call cyber censorship and mass surveillance
-invasion of privacy

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21
Q

What are the ethical and cultural issues of computers and the internet?

A
  • hard to keep information private on the internet
  • censorship and surveillance
  • technology can impact our social well-being
  • cyber bullying and trolling of social media
  • using technology too much can cause health problems
  • technology has shaped our culture
  • technology is changing the way we do business
  • unequal access to technology has caused a digital divide
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22
Q

How can new technology impact our social well-being?

A
  • new technology is released regularly, people can feel pressured into buying the latest device
  • smartphones make it easier for peoples work to intrude on their personal lives, this can cause stress
  • face to face social interaction can be neglected as more social lives grow online
23
Q

Where can pressure come from to make consumers feel pressured into buying new technology?

A

ADVERTISEMENTS
-they use techniques to influence or pressure people into buying or upgrading to the latest device
PEER PRESSURE
-children can fear being bullied by their peers for not owning the latest technology, parents feel pressured into buying them

24
Q

Why can having smartphones increase the levels of stress on adults with work?

A

ALWAYS BE CONTACTED

-employees may be expected to always carry a smartphone, so they can never switch off from work

25
Q

How is cyberbullying and trolling on social media an issue?

A
  • cyberbullying can cause distress

- trolling can frustrate and stress out the victim

26
Q

What is cyberbullying?

A

Cyberbullying is when somebody uses social media to deliberately harm someone else.
-including, trying to intimidate, insult, humiliate or defame someone

27
Q

What is trolling?

A

Trolling is when somebody tries to cause public arguments with others online.

28
Q

Why do people troll on the internet?

A
  • for their own amusement

- to gain attention

29
Q

Why do people feel as though they can troll or cyberbully on the internet?

A

THE INTERNET GIVES PEOPLE ANONYMITY

-people say things online which they wouldn’t face-to-face

30
Q

What software is their which schools and parents can use to protect children from accessing inappropriate material?

A

parental-control software

31
Q

What is sexting?

A

Sending sexually explicit messages or images to other people

-more common as smartphones and video messaging applications have become more popular

32
Q

Why is sexting an issue because of technology?

A
  • the person receiving the images might not be trustworthy

- social media allows the receiver to forward images to anyone

33
Q

How is the issue of sexting being addressed?

A

There are laws to prevent this

34
Q

How can using technology too much cause health problems?

A
  • eyestrain, from looking at a screen for too long
  • repetitive strain injury(RSI), normally fingers and wrists from typing
  • back problems, from sitting at a computer for too long
35
Q

How can using technology too much cause eyestrain?

A
  • eyestrain, from looking at a screen for too long

- this problem is increased if there is bad lighting, screen flickering, sunlight glare on the screen

36
Q

What can be done to prevent eyestrain?

A
  • using suitable lighting
  • keeping the screen a suitable distance away from your eyes
  • taking regular breaks from using your device
37
Q

How can using technology too much cause repetitive strain injury?

A

-repetitive strain injury(RSI), normally fingers and wrists from typing, repetitive movements over a long period of time

38
Q

What can be done to prevent repetitive strain injury?

A
  • having the correct posture
  • arranging your desk appropriately
  • taking regular breaks
39
Q

How can using technology too much cause back problems?

A

-back problems, from sitting at a computer for too long with poor posture

40
Q

What can be done to prevent back problems?

A
  • using an adjustable chair
  • using a foot rest
  • having an adjustable monitor to ensure you aren’t sitting at an awkward angle
41
Q

How has technology and the internet shaped our culture?

A
  • selfies have become popular and social media allows people to take and share them easily
  • viral videos, images or messages being spread across social media
  • social media and blogging websites allows people to publish writing, art and other media
42
Q

How is taking selfies on social media changing our culture?

A

could be a sign that social media is making people more attention-seeking and self-obsessed

43
Q

What does the word viral mean?

A

It’s a word used to describe videos, messages or images on the internet which have rapidly spread over social media and have been seen by millions of people

44
Q

How is the concept of things going ‘viral’ changing out culture?

A

Companies, politicians, celebrities and charities all try to use images or videos in their promotional campaigns in hope they too will go viral

45
Q

How is social media and blogging websites changing our culture?

A

They give a voice to groups of people who might have been ignored by mainstream media

46
Q

How is new technology changing how we do business?

A
  • music and TV streaming services have allowed their customers to listen and watch media for less money
  • sharing economy
47
Q

What are the disadvantages of music and TV streaming services?

A

Some musicians feel as though streaming companies don’t pay enough money for their music

48
Q

What is sharing economy?

A

The name given to services which use new technology to let people make money from things they already own
e.g. Uber lets you turn your car into a taxi service

49
Q

What are the pros and cons of sharing economy?

A

pro - services are cheap
con - draw customers away from other companies (e.g. Uber with taxi companies), may be more risky for sharers and customers (their insurance may not cover them over damage or theft)

50
Q

What has unequal access to technology caused?

A

a Digital Divide

-some people have greater access to technology than others

51
Q

What are the causes of digital divide?

A
  • some people don’t have enough money for technology
  • Urban areas are more likely to have greater network coverage than Rural areas
  • some people don’t know how to use the Internet and other new technologies, and so can’t take advantage of the opportunities they offer
52
Q

What causes the global digital divide?

A
  • the level of access to technology is different in different countries
  • HICs tend to have more access than LICs
  • Internet has created lots of opportunities and so has increased the inequalities between the HICs and LICs
53
Q

What has been done to try and reduce the global divide?

A
  • several British communities aimed at improving Internet coverage in Rural areas
  • One Laptop Per Child is a charity which provides laptops to children in Africa

CGP Computer Science (24 decks)

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