(01) Lecture 1 Flashcards
(Cardinal Signs of Acute Inflammation)
(Give what each of these means)
- rubor
- calor
- dolor
- tumor
- functio laesa
- redness
- heat
- pain
- swelling
- loss of function
1-4. What are the four phases of acute inflammation?
5-6 Chronic Inflammation consists of what two phases?
- fluidic (exudative)
- necrosis
- cellular (prinipally neutrophilic)
- reparative
- cellular (macrophages and lymphocytes)
- healing (fibrosis, granulation tissue formation)
1-2. What are the functions of inflammation?
- dilute, sequester, kill
- repair (removal of damaged tissue, wound healing factors, restrict appendages)
1-3. Three times when inflammation is harmful
- inflammation itself
- infectious disease made worse by inflammation
- post-inflammatory fibrosis
1-3. What are the three phases of initiation and exudative phase of inflammation?
- tissue damage (exo and endogenous)
- hyperemia due to vasodilation
- endothelial changes (postcapillary venules) –> leakage of plasma fluid and plasma proteins
(Acute inflammation: endothelial cell dynamics)
(endothelial gaps widening)
1-2. caused by what two things?
(injury to endothelial cells)
- leads to what?
(leukocyte induced injury)
(increased transcytosis)
- is what?
- endothelial cell contraction (postcaplliary venules; vasoactive amines)
- cytoskeletal organization (venules and capillaries; cytokines, hypoxia)
- necrosis and detachment from basement membrane
- molecule transport
(Acute Inflammation: Overview)
(Initiation and Exudative phase)
- changes of what type of cell? produce what? up-regulate receptors for what?
- What is first fluid?
- later?
- perivascular cells (mast cells, dendritic cells, etc)
cytokines
inflammatory mediators and adhesion molecules
- transudate (ultrafiltrate of plasma)
- exudate (larger plasma proteins and cells (neutrophils))
(Acute Inflammation: Fluidic Phase)
- normal vascular protein exchange: up to size of what?
- osmotic colloid pressure <–> ?
- inflammation results in net inflow or outflow of fluid (and proteins)?
- will dilation and increase permeability lead to slower or faster blood flow?
- albumin
- hydrostatic pressure
- outflow
- slowed
(Vascular Events)
- Vasodilation caused by what three things?
- do what?
- Histamine, NO, PG
- increase permeability
(Vascular Events)
- What 3 compounds cause early permeability (1-2 hours)?
- Later (3-6)?
- histamine, bradykinin, leukotrines
- cytokines, hypoxia, leukotrines
- What is the difference between transudate and exudate?
- What is exudate’s mechanism for release? modified transudate? transudate?
- What is the cause in the same order as two?
- transudate = clear and watery
exudate = more turbid (cloudy) and more viscous
- increase vascular permeabilty; increased capillary hydrostatic P; decreased plasma osmotic P
- inflammation, congestive heart disease, protein loss or heart disease
- What is used to differentiate between modified transudate and exudate (beacuse they can look similar)?
- cytologic evaluation and protein analysis (modified transudate will gel over time due to increased protein (fibrin))
(Acute Inflammation: Overview)
(Fibrin)
- traps what?
- sequesters what?
- attracts and provides routes for what?
- provides framework for what?
- microorganisms
- injurious stimulus
- neutrophils
- initial wound healing
(Acute Inflammation: Overview)
(Chemotaxis)
- bacteria
- fibrin
- foreign material
- neoplastic cells
- chemotactic cytokines
(?)
(Acute Inflammation: OVerview)
(Chemotaxis)
- stimulate what?
- Induction of receptors and molecules on what?
- Movement and attachment of neutrophils to what?
- migration between endothelial cells through what what?
- migration within exudate along or against gradient?
- luekocyte adhesion cascade
- neutrophils
- endothelial cells
- intercellular gaps
- along