01. Important Information Flashcards
The roots of psychology were developed by…
philosophers, physicists, physiologists, and naturalists.
List the 3 fundamental ideas of psychology
- Behaviour and mental experiences have physical causes that can be studied scientifically
- The way people behave, think, and feel is modified over time by their experiences in their environment
- The body’s machinery, which produces behaviour and mental experiences, is a product of evolution by natural selection
Explain Descartes’ version of Dualism
A strong emphasis on the body. The soul only controls thought but thought is responsive to the sensory input channeled into the body.
According to Descartes, where is the soul located?
pineal gland
What was Descartes famous for?
Dualism, with focus on body
What was Thomas Hobbes famous for?
Materialism
Which science was promoted by the idea that the body is a machine?
Physiology
List at 2 or more British empiricists
John Locke (1632- 1704), David Hartley (1705- 1759), James Mill (173- 1836), John Stuart Mill (1806- 1873)
How is the law of association by contiguity regarded today?
It is still a fundamental principle of learning and memory.
Name the most important nativist philosopher
Immanuel Kant (1724- 1804)
Who distinguished between a priori and a posteriori knowledge?
Immanuel Kant
How did Darwin and his book (The Origin of the Species) help developments in psychology?
It provided a biological grounding for psychology
Key idea from Darwin’s The Expression of the Emotions in man and Animals
basic forms of human emotional expression are inherited and evolved because they improved the chance of survival
What is the main purpose of natural selection?
Helps to improve the chance of survival and reproduction.
List the 9 levels of analysis in psychology
- neural (brain as cause)
- physiological (internal chemical functions, i.e. hormones, as cause)
- Genetic (genes as cause)
- evolutionary (natural selection as cause)
- learning (prior experiences as cause)
- cognitive (knowledge or beliefs as cause)
- social (influence of others as cause)
- cultural (culture in which the person develops as cause)
- developmental (age-related changes as cause)
