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MED 110 > 009 Glucose Metabolism > Flashcards

009 Glucose Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

these two things only use glucose for energy

A

RBCs and the brain

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2
Q

hypoglycemia levels

A

<60 mg/dL

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3
Q

normoglycemia levels

A

70-100 mg/dL

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4
Q

hyperglycemia levels

A

> 100 mg/dL

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5
Q

some glucose transporters can also transport these sugars

A

fructose/ galactose

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6
Q

skeletal muscle can readily take up glucose with this molecule

A

insulin

the affinity of the glucose transporter in the liver is not that high-only if concentrations are high

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7
Q

GLUT 1&3

A

many different cells (continuous uptake)

Km= 1mM (high affinity for glucose)

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8
Q

GLUT 2

A

pancreas and liver

Km= 15-20 mM (Serum: 4-8mM)

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9
Q

GLUT 4

A

muscle and fat cells
Km= 5
Insulin metabolizes GLUT 4

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10
Q

glucose can pass this barrier

A

blood brain

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11
Q

fasting serum glucose for diabetes mellitus

A

> 126 mg/dL

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12
Q

type 2 DiaMe transporter defect

A

GLUT 4

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13
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

excessive urine excretion
deficiency of antidiuretic hormone
resulting of kidneys to reabsorb water

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14
Q

three fuel molecules

A

fats
carbs/polysaccharides
proteins

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15
Q

role of hexokinase or glucokinase(liver only)

A

this is the enzyme that turns glucose into glucose 6 phosphate. when this happens, the glucose is not not able to leave the cell because it is phosphorylated and has a negative charge. the only way to get out of the cell is if it becomes dephosphorylated with glucose 6 phosphatase and the liver is the only place that has this enzyme available to dephosphorylate and that is why the liver is where the glucose is stored

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16
Q

caloric value of foods

A

fats have most 9.3 kcal/g
alcohol 7.0 kcal/g
carbs and proteins both 4.1 kcal/g

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17
Q

anabolic reaction is

A

endergonic

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18
Q

catabolic reaction is

A

exergonic

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19
Q

glucose to pyruvate

A

glycolysis

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20
Q

pyruvate to glucose

A

gluconeogenesis

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21
Q

glucose to ribose 5-phosphate

A

pentose phosphate pathway

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22
Q

glucose to glycogen

A

glycogenesis (synthesis)

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23
Q

glycogen to glucose

A

glycogenolysis (degradation)

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24
Q

role of glycolysis

A

leads to production of ATP which is essential to life and to other intermediates that are necessary in other pathways
catabolic
exergonic

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25
Q

role of gluconeogenesis

A

anaerobic conditions in skeletal muscle lead to production of lactate from pyruvate so this pyruvate can be converted back to pyruvate for use
helps control glycemia levels
anabolic
endergonic
more reductive pathway (because most steps keep being reduced)

26
Q

role of pentose phosphate pathway

A

alternate pathway for the metabolism of glucose. backbone of needed components in the cells. reduces NADP to NADPH which has high energy electrons
catabolic
exergonic
more oxidative pathway because reducing NADPH

27
Q

the key central molecule to everything

A

glucose 6 phosphate (it can lead to so many different pathways- glycogen, pyruvate, ribose 5 phosphate)

28
Q

where glucose to pyruvate goes to aerobic conditions

A

acetyl coA

29
Q

two ways to synthesize acetyl CoA

A

glycolysis and fatty acid beta oxidation

30
Q

glucose to pyruvate to lactate

A

anaerobic conditions

31
Q

glucose to pyruvate to acetyl CoA to Krebs

A

aerobic respiration

32
Q

does aerobic or anaerobic produce glucose faster

A

anaerobic

33
Q

what converts lactate to glucose

A

gluconeogenesis

34
Q

glucagon is made up of

A

alpha cells of the pancreas and released when serum glucose is low

35
Q

insulin is made up of

A

beta cells of the pancreas and released when serum glucose is high

36
Q

the only lipid that enter the gluconeogenic pathway

A

glycerol

37
Q

glycolysis outcomes

A

oxidation of glucose to pyruvate
net synthesis of ATP
anaerobic conditions (goes to lactate)
aerobic conditions (oxidized to acetyl CoA, enters Krebs which then provides high energy electrons for oxphos)

38
Q

RBC lack

A

mitonchondria, can’t use FA as fuel

39
Q

in brain, these can’t pass the blood/brain barrier

A

FA

40
Q

in this tissue…. glycolysis produces ATP faster than FA oxidation

A

active skeletal muscle

41
Q

liver uses these as preferred fuels for overnight fasting

A

alpha keto acids and FA

42
Q

in liver, instead of using a bunch of glucose, it will be stored as

A

glycogen

43
Q

disaccharide of glucose and fructose (table sugars, fruits)

A

sucrose

44
Q

disaccharide of glucose and galactose (milk sugar)

A

lactose

45
Q

these two sugars can be converted into intermediates of the glycolytic pathway

A

fructose and galactose

46
Q

the synthesis of glucose in the liver from AA

A

gluconeogenesis

47
Q

type 1 DM effects

A

have no insulin so they have to shift from glucose as primary energy source to fatty acids which produce ketone bodies so they have to watch out for ketoacidosis

48
Q

phase 1 pentose phosphate pathway

A

oxidative reactions that lead to production of NADPH and pentose phosphates (like ribose 5 phosphate)

49
Q

phase 2 pentose phosphate pathway

A

non oxidative reactions that link to intermediates of glycolysis
(ribose is converted to intermediates of the glycolytic pathway and then they can be metabolized to make ATP. all depends on the needs of the cell)

50
Q

the role of NAPDH

A

needed for the biosynthesis of FA, cholesterols and other processes in the body that require the high energy electrons

51
Q

if a cell needs NADPH but not pentoses then what happens

A

the pentoses are converted to intermediates in the glycolytic pathways

52
Q

how does the cell determine what kind of intermediates it needs from the pathways

A

depends on the concentration of ATP in the cell and depending on what the concentration is, the reaction will shift that way

53
Q

why does a deficiency of glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase in red blood cells fuse hemolytic anemia

A

because NADPH is needed to maintain the glutathione in a reduced state to keep a healthy RBC membrane. otherwise it will look like an old cell and the spleen will lyse the cell. may be triggered in the presence of infection that is oxidative in nature and adds stress to the cell membrane

54
Q

glycogen storage diseases

A

deficiency of glucose 6 phosphatase (GSD 1a) or glucose 6 phosphate transporter (GSD 1b) both have same effect

55
Q

GSD 1a and 1b

A

causes severe hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, and elevated serum urate. the liver tissue is primarily affected

56
Q

is glucose a primary fuel in the liver

A

no because it is just mostly stored there as a storehouse for other tissues

57
Q

resting skeletal muscle primary fuel

A

FA

58
Q

active skeletal muscle primary fuel

A

glucose

59
Q

what two hormones have reciprocal regulation of the glycolytic pathways

A

insulin and glucagon

60
Q

phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase

A

activates glycogen phosphorylase

inhibits glycogen synthase

61
Q

glycogen synthase activation

A

dephosphorylation

62
Q

glycogen phosphorylase activation

A

phosphorylation

MED 110 (11 decks)

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