001 Cell Chemistry and Biomolecules

Question 1

4 common dietary carbohydrates

Answer 1

1. starch
2. sucrose
3. dietary fiber
4. lactose

Question 2

nutritional reservoir of CH in plants

Answer 2

starch

Question 3

polysaccharide of glucose

Answer 3

starch

Question 4

the unbranched form of starch

Answer 4

amylose (alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds)

Question 5

the branched form of starch

Answer 5

amylopectin (alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds)

Question 6

natural sweetener found in fruits and veggies

Answer 6

sucrose

Question 7

disaccharide of glucose and fructose

Answer 7

sucrose

Question 8

origin of dietary fiber

Answer 8

plant origin

Question 9

major dietary carbohydrates of animal origin

Answer 9

lactose

Question 10

disaccharide of glucose and galactose

Answer 10

lactose

Question 11

three components to help identify a monosaccharide

Answer 11

1. carbon number
2. functional group (ketone or aldehyde)
3. stereoisomer form

Question 12

epimers are called …… that differ in configuration of only one stereogenic (chiral) center

Answer 12

diastereomers

Question 13

the 2 stereoisomer forms

Answer 13

D and L

Question 14

most of the sugars in the human body are in this stereoisomer form

Answer 14

D series

Question 15

alpha anomer

Answer 15

OH at C1 is on the opposite side of the ring fro the CH2OH

also the alpha part looks down (hydrogen is up)

Question 16

beta anomer

Answer 16

OH at C1 is on the same side of the ring from the CH2OH

also the beta part goes up (hydrogen is down)

Question 17

is open chain or the cyclic structure a more stable form?

Answer 17

the cyclic form is more stable (most monosaccharides only exist as the ring structure)

Question 18

5 chemically modified derivatives of monosaccharides

Answer 18

1. deoxyaldose (major component of DNA)
2. Aceytlated amino sugars ( component of glycoproteins and glycolipids)
3. acidic sugars (GAGS and proteoglycans)
4. sugar esters (gangliosides in oligodendrocyte)
5. sugar alcohols (food additives used in synthesis of lipids)

Question 19

unbranched polymer of glucose joined by beta 1,4 linkages to form long and straight chains

Answer 19

cellulose

Question 20

most biologically significant property of all lipid

Answer 20

hydrophobic properties

Question 21

fatty acids contain two things

Answer 21

1, hydrocarbon chains

2. carboxylic acid group

Question 22

fatty acids are the building blocks of

Answer 22

phospholipids and glycolipids (components of membranes)

Question 23

fatty acids synthesized from

Answer 23

Acetyl coenzyme A

Question 24

two broad classes of fatty acids

Answer 24

fatty acid derivative

isoprenoids

Question 25

these lipids contain multiple units of a five carbon molecule called isoprene

Answer 25

isoprenoids

Question 26

three main uses of lipids

Answer 26

1. Fuel stores 2. structural support 3. signaling events

Question 27

how many essential amino acids are there

Answer 27

10

Question 28

hormones that are produced from amino acids

Answer 28

insulin and glucagon

Question 29

in humans most amino acids are in the L-form except

Answer 29

D-serine (neurotransmitter)

Question 30

the pKa means the

Answer 30

indication of the acidity or the strength of the acidity of the molecule

Question 31

the essential amino acids

Answer 31

1. isoleucine 2. leucine 3. methionine 4. phenylalanine 5. tryptophan 6. valine 7. threonine 8. arginine 9. histidine 10. lysine

Question 32

amino acids contain a ..... acid and its .......... base

Answer 32

weak | conjugate

Question 33

henderson hasselbach

Answer 33

pH = pK + log ( [A-] / [HA] )

Question 34

when amino acids possess + and - charges at neutral pH

Answer 34

zwitterions

Question 35

for amino acids, when the pH is at the charge "zero" it is called the

Answer 35

isoelectric point

Question 36

amino acids are converted into two things

Answer 36

1. non-proteinogenic amino acids (non coded or unnatural) | 2. biogenic amino acids ( natural and biologically active)

Question 37

proteins are molecules built from amino acids and their three main uses are

Answer 37

1. fuel supply (TCA -> ATP production) 2. structural support (elastin, collagen) 3. activity (enzymes, signaling)

Question 38

primary structure proteins

Answer 38

linear arrangment linked to each other by peptide bonds written as N terminus to C terminus

Question 39

secondary structure proteins

Answer 39

created by coiling or pleating of peptide/protein chains alpha helices beta pleated sheets beta turns

Question 40

tertiary structure proteins

Answer 40

``` 3D conformation of specific protein globular or spherical formation hydrophobic interactions disulfide bonds metal ions hydrogen bonding ```

Question 41

two types of tertiary structure of proteins

Answer 41

``` fibrous proteins (collagen and keratin and water insoluble, roughly parallel fashion, linear) globular proteins (tightly folded structure like a sphere) ```

Question 42

the most abundant globular protein in blood

Answer 42

serum albumin

Question 43

quaternary protein structure

Answer 43

``` subunits held together by non covalent associations hydrogen bonds salt bridges hydrophobic interactions van der waals forces ```