0004 Plant Genetics, Reproduction and Propagation Flashcards
Define Asexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction occurs through budding, fragmentation, vegetative propagation and no spore formation, no flower is required
What are the natural methods of asexual reproduction (Self-propagation)?
- Budding - a new plant is developed from an outgrowth known as a bud
- Vegetative propagation - new plants are produced from the vegetative parts of the plants
- Fragmentation
- Spore Formation
Explain Fragmentation (natural method)
A new plant is produced from a a portion of the parent plant. Each section of a part of the plants develop into a mature, fully grown individual plant
Explain Spore Formation (natural Method)
many plants and algae form spores in their life cycle. A spore is an asexual reproductive body, surrounded by a hard protective cover to withstand unfavorable conditions. The spores germinate and grow into new plants.
What are the artificial methods of Asexual reproduction?
Cutting, Graphing, Layering and micropropagation
Explain Cutting
a part of the plant is cut along with the node and is buried in the soil
Explain Graphing
the parts of two different plants are joined together such that they continue to grow as a single plant. The root is known as the stock while the other part of the plant is known as the graft
Explain Layering
a stem attached to a plant is lowered in the ground and covered in soil. The stem grows roots while attached to the parent plant and then detaches and becomes independent
Explain Micropropagation
method or producing a large number of plants from an explant under laboratory conditions within a short time interval
Explain sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction depends on a complex series of basic cellular events that involve chromosomes and their genes
Define Cellular basis
the union of sex cells and their nuclei, with concomitant association of their chromosomes, which contain their genes and the nuclear division called meiosis
What are gametes?
Sex cells
What is a Zygote?
production of the union of two gametes
haploid
most gametes, 1 single set of chromosomes
Diploid
most zygotes, souble set of chromosomes
Bisexual Plant
produces both female and male gametes
Unisexual Plant
Only produces either a male or female gametes
What is the process of sexual reproduction called?
Pollination
What are the male sex organs?
Stamens and anther (pollen)
What are the female sex organs?
Pistils
What contains the male gamete
the pollen
Explain pollination
Pollen must be moved to a part of the pistal, called the stigma
What are the three areas of the pistal?
Stigma, Style and the Ovary
What are the three areas of the Stamen?
The anther, Pollen (in the anther) and the Filament
Explain self pollination
happens when a plant’s own pollen fertilizes its own ovules
Explain cross-pollination
happens when the wind or an animal moves the pollen
Explain plant genetics and how are they influneced?
genetics are formed from the DNA in chromosomes. Environmental factors such as soil nutrition, temperature, water availability and light intensity influence these genetics
Explain selective breeding, provide a few examples
Choosing parents with particular characteristics to breed together and produce offsprings with more desirable traits. For example, broccoli, cauliflower and cabbage were all derived from the wild mustard plant through selective breeding.
What is the difference between selective breeding and GMOs
GMO’s involve the direct manipulation of an organism’s DNA to introduce specific traits, where as selective breeding relies on natural genetic diversity
Explain Hybridization and provide an example
the process of crossbreeding between genetically dissimilar parents to produce a hybrid. Frequently results in polyploid offspring. For example the hybridization of an orange and a grapefruit is a tangelo.
Explain the process of hybridization
pollen is exchanged between 2 varieties, hybridized seeds are created that you can harvest, plant and grow
Define the plant propagation: Division
Note: Must have multiple stems growing from the ground. You divide the clumps, both roots and stems. A larger plant is then divided into two smaller clumps
Explain the characteristics of tillage
