0003 Plant Classification, Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
What is the order of plant classification?
- Kingdom
- Sub Kingdom
- Superdivision
- Division
- Class (Monocots or dicots)
- Subclass
- Order
- Family (Share botanical features)
- Genus
- Species
What are the characteristics of Monocots?
One cotyledon, fibrous roots, scattered vascular, parallel veins, multiple of 3 flowers
What are the characteristics of Dicots?
2 cotyledon, tap roots, ringed vascular, net like veins, 4-5 flowers
What is a forage? Provide an example.
Crops on which animals graze independently, they are grown specifically to be grazed on by livestock. An example would be Alfalfa or irrigated pastures, silage corn and winter forages.
What are grains? Provide another term for grains and an example?
Grain or also known as cereals, is harvested seed of grasses such as wheat, oats, rice and corn. This can also include sorghum, millet, rye and barley. Corn is the primary US feed grain.
Define Collenchyma cells
hard and rigid cells that play a primary role in providing support to the plants
Define Sclerenchyma Cells
Super rigid cells because of the presence of a hardening agent, they are found mostly in the roots of plants and provide support for the plant
Define Parenchyma Cells
living cells of plants that help produce the leaves. They exchange gases, produce food and store organic products and are cell metabolism. These cells are flexible.
Define Xylem Cells
transport cells in vascular plants. They transport water and minerals from the roots to the leaves and other parts of the plants.
Define Phloem Cells
Similar to Xylem cells, they help transport food prepared by the leaves to other parts of the plants.
What are the functions of the Cell wall?
rigid layer composed of polysaccharide cellulose, pectin and hemicellulose. located outside of the cell membrane. Protect and provide structure to the cell and protects the cell against mechanical stress. The cell wall helps filter molecules passing in and out.
What are the functions and characteristics of the Cell membrane?
semi-permeable membrane that is within the cell wall that is composed of a thin layer of fat and proteins. The cell membrane regulates the entry and exits of substances within the cell
What is the function of the nucleus?
Stores DNA or hereditary information required for cell division, metabolism and growth
What is the nucleolus?
It manufactures cells protein-producing structures and ribosomes
What is a Nucleopore?
Nuclear membrane is perforated with holes called nucleopores that allow proteins and nucleic acids to pass through
What are plastids?
membrane-bound organelles that have their own DNA. They store starch and carry out the process of photosynthesis
Define Leucoplasts
They are found in the non-photosynthetic tissue of plants, they are used to store protein, lipids and starch
Define Chloroplasts, Storma and Chlorophyll
Elongated organelle enclosed by phospholipid membrane. Shaped like a disk, the stroma is the fluid within the chloroplast that comprises a circular DNA. Each chloroplast contains a green coloured pigment called Chlorophyll required for photosynthesis.
What are the functions of the central vacuole?
Storage and to sustain turgor pressure against the cell wall
What are the functions of the Golgi Apparatus?
found in all eukaryotic cells, which are involved in distributing synthesized macromolecules to various parts of the cell
What are the functions of Ribosomes?
smallest membrane-bound organelles which comprise RNA & Protein, they are the sites for protein synthesis
What are the functions of Mitochondria?
Double-membraned organelles found in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. They provide energy by breaking down carbohydrates and sugar molecules. Known as the “powerhouse” of the cell
What are the functions of the Lysomes?
hold digestive enzymes enclosed in the membrane. perform the function of cellular waste disposal by digesting worn organelles, food particles and foreign bodies in the cell
Explain the process of photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process of preparing food by the plants. Utilizing sunlight, carbon dioxide and water energy is produced in the form of ATP
Where does photosynthesis occur?
Chloroplats
What is the chemical equation of photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H20 –> C6H12O6 + 6O2
What is the chemical equation of respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O
What are the 5 main plant structures and they functions?
- Roots - anchor, absorb water and store photosynthesis products
- Stem - above ground mostly, provide support, transport nutrients and sugars.
- Leaves - main site for photosynthesis
- Flowers - reproduction
- Fruit - edible
Explain the vascular system
There are two main types of tissue: Xylem which carries food upwards and Phloem which carried food downwards
Explain the 4 main parts of the reproductive system
- The calyx (sepals)
- The Corolla (petals)
- Androecium (Male reproductive structures)
- Gynoecium (Female reproductive structure)
Explain the process of respiration
The glucose created through photosynthesis is used to provide energy needed by the plants to perform life functions. In order to obtain that energy from the food it produces, plants must break down the sugars in the cells throughout the plant in a cellular process that is called respiration.
Cells require glucose and oxygen gas to undergo respiration. Oxygen gas from the air combines with glucose which is then broken down producing carbon dioxide and water while energy is released.
Explain Transpiration
the process of plants loosing water through the leaves. Guard cells, mostly on the underside of the leaf, open and close the stomata and allow plants to control transpiration
Why is water important for plant growth?
it triggers seed germination, its uptake from the soil facilitates inorganic mineral nutrition and water is responsible for the cell structural support in many plants
Why is light important for plant growth?
Needed for photosynthesis, light produces energy which is required in order for plants to grow, bloom and produce seeds
Why is temperature important for plant growth?
Each plant species has a suitable temperature range. Higher temperatures generally promote shoot growth, including leaf expansion and stem elongation and thickness.
As the temperature increases, photosynthesis, transpiration and respiration increase
Low temperatures reduce energy use and increase sugar content, this can increase their sweetness
Why is pruning important for plant growth?
stimulates lateral shoot growth close to the cut. However over pruning can cause harm.