0003 Plant Classification, Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

What is the order of plant classification?

Answer 1

1. Kingdom
2. Sub Kingdom
3. Superdivision
4. Division
5. Class (Monocots or dicots)
6. Subclass
7. Order
8. Family (Share botanical features)
9. Genus
10. Species

Question 2

What are the characteristics of Monocots?

Answer 2

One cotyledon, fibrous roots, scattered vascular, parallel veins, multiple of 3 flowers

Question 3

What are the characteristics of Dicots?

Answer 3

2 cotyledon, tap roots, ringed vascular, net like veins, 4-5 flowers

Question 4

What is a forage? Provide an example.

Answer 4

Crops on which animals graze independently, they are grown specifically to be grazed on by livestock. An example would be Alfalfa or irrigated pastures, silage corn and winter forages.

Question 5

What are grains? Provide another term for grains and an example?

Answer 5

Grain or also known as cereals, is harvested seed of grasses such as wheat, oats, rice and corn. This can also include sorghum, millet, rye and barley. Corn is the primary US feed grain.

Question 6

Define Collenchyma cells

Answer 6

hard and rigid cells that play a primary role in providing support to the plants

Question 7

Define Sclerenchyma Cells

Answer 7

Super rigid cells because of the presence of a hardening agent, they are found mostly in the roots of plants and provide support for the plant

Question 8

Define Parenchyma Cells

Answer 8

living cells of plants that help produce the leaves. They exchange gases, produce food and store organic products and are cell metabolism. These cells are flexible.

Question 9

Define Xylem Cells

Answer 9

transport cells in vascular plants. They transport water and minerals from the roots to the leaves and other parts of the plants.

Question 10

Define Phloem Cells

Answer 10

Similar to Xylem cells, they help transport food prepared by the leaves to other parts of the plants.

Question 11

What are the functions of the Cell wall?

Answer 11

rigid layer composed of polysaccharide cellulose, pectin and hemicellulose. located outside of the cell membrane. Protect and provide structure to the cell and protects the cell against mechanical stress. The cell wall helps filter molecules passing in and out.

Question 12

What are the functions and characteristics of the Cell membrane?

Answer 12

semi-permeable membrane that is within the cell wall that is composed of a thin layer of fat and proteins. The cell membrane regulates the entry and exits of substances within the cell

Question 13

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 13

Stores DNA or hereditary information required for cell division, metabolism and growth

Question 14

What is the nucleolus?

Answer 14

It manufactures cells protein-producing structures and ribosomes

Question 15

What is a Nucleopore?

Answer 15

Nuclear membrane is perforated with holes called nucleopores that allow proteins and nucleic acids to pass through

Question 16

What are plastids?

Answer 16

membrane-bound organelles that have their own DNA. They store starch and carry out the process of photosynthesis

Question 17

Define Leucoplasts

Answer 17

They are found in the non-photosynthetic tissue of plants, they are used to store protein, lipids and starch

Question 18

Define Chloroplasts, Storma and Chlorophyll

Answer 18

Elongated organelle enclosed by phospholipid membrane. Shaped like a disk, the stroma is the fluid within the chloroplast that comprises a circular DNA. Each chloroplast contains a green coloured pigment called Chlorophyll required for photosynthesis.

Question 19

What are the functions of the central vacuole?

Answer 19

Storage and to sustain turgor pressure against the cell wall

Question 20

What are the functions of the Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 20

found in all eukaryotic cells, which are involved in distributing synthesized macromolecules to various parts of the cell

Question 21

What are the functions of Ribosomes?

Answer 21

smallest membrane-bound organelles which comprise RNA & Protein, they are the sites for protein synthesis

Question 22

What are the functions of Mitochondria?

Answer 22

Double-membraned organelles found in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. They provide energy by breaking down carbohydrates and sugar molecules. Known as the “powerhouse” of the cell

Question 23

What are the functions of the Lysomes?

Answer 23

hold digestive enzymes enclosed in the membrane. perform the function of cellular waste disposal by digesting worn organelles, food particles and foreign bodies in the cell

Question 24

Explain the process of photosynthesis

Answer 24

Photosynthesis is the process of preparing food by the plants. Utilizing sunlight, carbon dioxide and water energy is produced in the form of ATP

Question 25

Where does photosynthesis occur?

Answer 25

Chloroplats

Question 26

What is the chemical equation of photosynthesis?

Answer 26

6CO2 + 6H20 –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 27

What is the chemical equation of respiration?

Answer 27

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O

Question 28

What are the 5 main plant structures and they functions?

Answer 28

1. Roots - anchor, absorb water and store photosynthesis products
2. Stem - above ground mostly, provide support, transport nutrients and sugars.
3. Leaves - main site for photosynthesis
4. Flowers - reproduction
5. Fruit - edible

Question 29

Explain the vascular system

Answer 29

There are two main types of tissue: Xylem which carries food upwards and Phloem which carried food downwards

Question 30

Explain the 4 main parts of the reproductive system

Answer 30

1. The calyx (sepals)
2. The Corolla (petals)
3. Androecium (Male reproductive structures)
4. Gynoecium (Female reproductive structure)

Question 31

Explain the process of respiration

Answer 31

The glucose created through photosynthesis is used to provide energy needed by the plants to perform life functions. In order to obtain that energy from the food it produces, plants must break down the sugars in the cells throughout the plant in a cellular process that is called respiration.

Cells require glucose and oxygen gas to undergo respiration. Oxygen gas from the air combines with glucose which is then broken down producing carbon dioxide and water while energy is released.

Question 32

Explain Transpiration

Answer 32

the process of plants loosing water through the leaves. Guard cells, mostly on the underside of the leaf, open and close the stomata and allow plants to control transpiration

Question 33

Why is water important for plant growth?

Answer 33

it triggers seed germination, its uptake from the soil facilitates inorganic mineral nutrition and water is responsible for the cell structural support in many plants

Question 34

Why is light important for plant growth?

Answer 34

Needed for photosynthesis, light produces energy which is required in order for plants to grow, bloom and produce seeds

Question 35

Why is temperature important for plant growth?

Answer 35

Each plant species has a suitable temperature range. Higher temperatures generally promote shoot growth, including leaf expansion and stem elongation and thickness.

As the temperature increases, photosynthesis, transpiration and respiration increase

Low temperatures reduce energy use and increase sugar content, this can increase their sweetness

Question 36

Why is pruning important for plant growth?

Answer 36

stimulates lateral shoot growth close to the cut. However over pruning can cause harm.