0 les terminologies Flashcards
1
Q
accent
A
a mark (acute, grave or circumflex)
placed
above a vowel
or the second letter of a diphthong
to indicate
the musical pitch at which
the accented syllable was pronounced.
2
Q
accidence
A
the area of grammar dealing with endings.
3
Q
accusative
A
the usual case of a direct object;
many prepositions take the accusative.
4
Q
active
A
the form of a verb
most commonly used
when the subject of the sentence
performs the action
(e.g. we do = ποιοῦμεν)
or has his/her/its/ther state described
(e.g. we are kind = εὔφρονές ἐσμεν).
5
Q
adjective
A
a word
describing, identifying or saying something about a noun,
with which
it agrees in gender, number and case:
the big book = τὸ μέγα βιβλίον;
the book is big = τὸ βιβλίον (ἐστ̀ι) μέγα.
6
Q
adverb
A
a word which
describes or changes the meaning
of
a verb, and adjective or another adverb:
he walks slowly = βραδέως βαδίζει.
7
Q
agent
A
the person who causes an action:
it was done by this man
= ὑπὸ τούτου ἐπρ̄́αχθη.
8
Q
agree with
A
have the same gender, case and number as.
9
Q
antecedent
A
the noun, pronoun or clause
to which
a relative pronoun
refers back.
10
Q
aorist tense
A
the tense of a verb
which refers to something
that happened in the past:
I did this = το̂υτου ἐποίησα.
Distinguish
between
this past tense
and
the imperfect
(‘I was doing’),
the perfect
(‘I have done’)
and
the pluperfect
(‘I had done’).
11
Q
apodosis
A
the main clause
of a conditional sentence,
i.e.
not the ‘if…’ or ‘unless…’ clause
but the clause giving the result.
12
Q
apposition
A
the placing
of a word, phrase or clause
in parallel
with another word, phrase or clause
to give further information
about the latter:
George Washington, the President, spoke eloquently.
13
Q
aspect
A
the term
referring to the distinction
between
two ways
in which a verb can convey time
(the time and the type of time)
- see p.61
14
Q
augment
A
something
added at the beginning of verbs
to denote a past tense.
If the verb begins with a consonant,
this is the letter ἐ-:
for example,
ἔπαυον is the imperfect of παύω.
15
Q
cardinals
A
numbers;
cardinals (1, 2, 3, etc.),
ordinals (1st, 2snd, 3rd, etc.)
adverbs (once, twice, three times, etc.).
16
Q
case
A
the form
of a noun, pronoun, adjective or article
that shows
the part it plays in a sentence;
there are six cases:
nominative, genitive, dative,
accusative, vocative, and locative.
17
Q
clause
A
a section of a sentence
in which there are
at least a subject and a verb.
18
Q
common
A
either masculine or feminine in gender,
according to meaning:
man = ὁ ἄνθρωπος;
woman = ἡ ἄνθρωπος.
19
Q
comparative
A
the form of an adjective or adverb
that makes it mean
‘more’, ‘rather’ or ‘too’:
more wise
(wiser),
rather wise,
too wise
= σοφώτερος
20
Q
complement
A
a word or phrase
which
describes the subject of the verb
and
completes the description;
it is used
with verbs *such as *
‘I am” and ‘I become’
which cannot take an object:
my mother is intelligent
= ἡ μήτηρ σοφή ἐστιν;
my mother became priestess
= ἡ μήτηρ ἱέρεια ἐγένετο.
21
Q
compound verb
A
a verb formed by
adding a prefix to a simple verb:
I overshoot = ὑπέρβάλλω.
22
Q
concessive clause
A
a clause
usually beginning in English
with the word
‘although’ or ‘though’.
23
Q
conditional clause
A
a clause
usually beginning in English
with the words
‘if’, ‘if not’ or ‘unless’.
24
Q
conjugate
A
give the different forms of the verb:
παύω, παύεις,
παύει, παύομεν,
παύετε, παύουσι;
ἔπαυον,
ἔπαυες,
ἔπαυε,
etc.
25
conjunction
a word
used to join
clauses, phrases or words
together:
men ***and*** women
= ἄνδρες ***καὶ*** γυνα̂ικες
26
consonant
a sound,
or letter representing a sound,
that is used together with a vowel,
such as
**β**, **γ**, **δ**;
cf. vowel.
27
construction
the way in which
a clause
is constructed grammatically.
28
contraction
the process by which
two vowels or a vowel and a diphthong
standing next to each other
in adjacent syllables
are united
into a single vowel or diphthong,
e.g.
**χρῡ́σε-ος**** **
(golden)
contracts to
**χρῡσο̂υς**
and
**τῑμά-εις**
(you honour)
contracts to
**τῑμ̂ᾳς**.
29
dative
the case of an indirect object;
among the many meanings
of the dative are
'to', 'for', 'with' *and* 'by';
many prepositions thake the dative.
30
declension
*there are*
a number of patterns
*according to which*
Greek nouns change their endings;
*we call these*
_declensions._
31
decline
go through
(or, more literally, down)
the different cases of
a noun, adjective or pronoun,
in order.
32
definite article
in English, 'the';
in Greek, **ὁ**, **ἡ**, **τό**.
33
deictic
deictic (noun: deixis)
is used of words or expressions
which 'point' (=δείκνūμι)
to some feature of a situation.
**Pronouns**
(οὗτος, οὑτοσῑ́, ἐκεῖνος
(this, this … here, that),
etc.) and
**words of place**
(ἐνθάδε, ἐκεῖ
(here, there),
etc.) and
**time**
(νῦν, τότε
(now, then),
etc.)
tell us such things about a situation
as who is involved in it,
and where it takes place.
34
deliberative
showing that a thought process
about a possible action
is going on:
What am I to do?
35
deponent
that passive form of a verb
when
that form is active in meaning.
36
diaeresis
two dots (̈ ) placed over
the second of two adjacent vowels
which are to be pronounced separately:
**βοϊ** (to an ox).
37
dialect
this term refers to
the different forms of Greek
used in different areas of the Greek world.
The chief dialects that occur in literature
are Aeolic, Doric, Ionic and Attic.
38
dimiutive
a word formed from another
to express diminished size,
e. g. 'hillock' from 'hill'
- **τὸ** **παιδίον** (little child) from **παῖς** (child).
39
diphthong
the union of two vowels
pronounced as one syllable
(or, more properly,
one vowel followed by a glide into
a second vowel).
40
direct object
see object (direct)
41
direct speech
the words actually used by a speaker.
42
dual
in Greek,
nouns or adjectives
representing _two people or things_,
and verbs with _two people or things
as their subject_,
can adopt a special form
which is known as _the dual_
(see pp. 232-3)
43
enclitic
a short word
which cannot stand alone
but has to follow another word,
onto which it throws back its accent
(see p. 224).
'Enclitic' means 'leaning on'.
44
ending
a letter or letters added to
the stem (or modification of the stem)
or verbs, nouns and adjectives,
in order to mark tense, case, etc.
Compare the way in which
an English noun changes in the plural:
dish, dish*_es_*.
45
feminine
one of the three Greek genders:
**γραῦς** (old woman)
and **ναῦς** (ship)
are both feminine nouns;
they take
the feminine form
of the article,
**ἡ**
46
finite verb
a verb with a personal ending,
as opposed to
infinitives and participles.
47
future perfect tense
the tense of a verb
that refers to something in the future
at a stage after it has happened:
I *shall have* ceased
= ***πεπαύσομαι***.
In Greek this is a rare form
- many verbs do not possess it -
and it appears
in the middle or passive
(indistinguishable
from each other
in apearance).
48
gender
the class in which
a noun or pronoun is placed
in a grammatical grouping;
in Greek, these classes
are
**masculine**, **feminine**, **neuter**
and
**common**
(i.e. masculine or feminine
according to meaning).
49
genitive
the case that shows possession;
among its many meanings,
the dominant one is '**of**';
in Greek
it is also the case of separation;
many prepositions take the genitive.
50
gerund
a verbal noun.
Greek uses
*the neuter singular
of the definite article*
followed by
*the infinitive*
to supply this:
the art of *fighting*
= ἡ τοῦ ***μάχεσθαι*** τέχνη.
51
gerundive
a verbal adjective
which expresses
the idea of obligation:
```
this is (requiring-)to-be-done
(i.e., this must be done)
= τοῦτο ***ποιητέον*** ἐστίν.
```
52
imperative
the parts of the verb
that express a command:
do this! = τοῦτο ***ποίει***.
53
imperfect tense
the tense
which expresses
continuous or repeated or incomplete action in the past:
I was considering = ἐνόμιζ***ον***.
54
impersonal verb
a verb
introduced
_in English_
by the word
'**it**'
(e.g., 'it is raining'),
and
_in Greek _
used impersonnally
in **the 3rd person singular**:
*it is necessary* for me
= ***χρή*** με.
55
indefinite article
in English, 'a' or 'an';
there is no indefinite article in Greek,
though enclitic ***τις***
can serve as an equivalent:
*a (certain)* woman = γυνή ***τις.***
56
indefinite construction
the english word 'ever'
added to the end of another word
brings out the force of this construction.
Compare
'Pericles, who says that, is mad' (specific) with
'Who*ever* says that is mad' (indefinite).
57
indicative
usually refers to a verb
when it
*makes a statement*
or
*asks a question *:
τοῦτο εἶπεν = he said this.
With reference to Greek,
the word usually indicates that
the verb is not
in the imperative, subjunctive,
optative, infinitive
or participle.
58
indirect command
the reporting of an actual (direct) command,
e.g. Do this!
(direct speech, direct command):
She instructed him *to do this*
(indirect command).
59
indirect object
the noun or pronoun
indirectly affected by the verb,
at which the direct object is aimed:
I gave *him* the book
= τὸ βιβλίον ***αὐτ***ῷ ἔδωκα.
60
indirect question
the reporting of an actual (direct) question,
e.g. What are you doing?
(direct speech, direct question):
I asked her what she was doing
(indirect question).
61
indirect statement
the reporting of someone's words,
e.g. I have done this
(direct statement):
He said *that he had done this*
(indirect statement).
62
infinitive
the form of a verb that means
'to do something':
to teach = διδάσκειν.
In Greek, infinitives vary
according to tense and voice.
63
inflection
see *ending*.
64
interjection
a sound, word or phrase
standing outside
the grammatical structure
of the sentence
and
expressing an emotion
such as
distress, joy or disgust:
**alas**! = **οἴμοι**.
65
intransitive verb
a verb which does not take a direct object, e.g. 'go', 'come'.
66
irregular verb
a verb
that does not follow
the set pattern of **παύω**
(the regular verb in this Grammar)
and
*either*
belongs to a small class of verbs
*or*
has its own individual forms.
67
jussive
giving an order.
68
locative
the case
which tells us
where something is happening:
**οἴκοι** = at home;
**Ἀθήνησι** = in Athens.
69
macron
a line above a vowel
indicating that it is long,
e. g.
* *ᾱ ῑ ῡ**.
70
main clause
the caluse
which is
the basic grammatical unit
of a sentence.
**'Although I love her,
she still avoids me.'**
'_She still avoids me_'
makes sense on its own,
while '_although I love her_' does not.
Thus
'_she still avoids me_'
is the main clause,
and
'_although I love her_'
is a subordinate clause.
71
masculine
one of the three Greek genders :
**ἀνήρ** (man)
and
**λόγος** (word)
are both masculine nouns;
they take
the masculine form
of the definite article,
**ὁ**.
72
middle
a term applying to
certain Greek verb forms.
The middle
often has a reflexive quality:
**παύομαι**= I stop myself, i.e. I cease;
**φέρομαι** = I carry off for myself, I win.
However,
a number of verbs
have a middle form
but an entirely active meaning,
e.g.
**ἥδομαι** = I rejoice.
73
mood
the grammatical form of a verb
which shows whether
it is in the
**indicative**,
**subjenctive**,
**optative**
or
**imperative**.
74
negative
expressing
denial, refusal or prohibition.
In English,
the words '**no**' or '**not**'
are generally used.
75
neuter
one of the three Greek genders:
**γάλα**
(milk)
*and*
**δῶρον**
(gift)
are both neuter nouns;
they take
the neuter form
of the definite article,
**τό**.
76
nominative
the case
of the subject of a sentence
or (usually)
of the complement of a verb:
* **the king*** is angry =
* **ὁ βασιλεὺς*** ὀργίζεται
77
noun
a word that
names *or* denotes
a person *or* thing:
* *ὄνομα** = name *or* noun,
* *βιβλίον** = book,
* *ὀργή** = anger.
78
number
the state of being
* either*
* *singular** *or* **plural** *or* **dual**.
79
numerals
numbers;
these are
* either*
* *cardinals** (1, 2, 3, etc.),
* *ordinals** (1st, 2snd, 3rd, etc.)
* or*
* *adverbs** (once, twice, three times, etc.).
80
object (direct)
a noun or its equivalent
acted upon by a transitive verb:
the dog bites ***the boy***
= ὁ κύων ***τὸν παῖδα*** δάκνει
81
optative
a Greek mood of the verb
which *does no*t express statements
*but* such concepts as
'**would**', '**might**', '**if only**!'
It is also used
_in the indefinite construction_
*and*
_in certain subordinate clauses._
It is *more remote than* the subjunctive
in *either* likelihood *or* time.
(The pronunciations
'óptative' and '_optátive_'
are both current,
with the UK
having a preference for the latter.)
82
ordinals
see *numerals*.
83
parse
to give
a full grammatical desciption
of a word:
for verbs
this means to give
the _person_, _number_,
_tense_, _mood_, _voice_ and _meaning_,
e.g.,
**φιλεῖς**
is
the _second person_ _singular_
_present_ _indicative_ _active_
of
**φιλέω**,
'_I love_'.
84
particle
Greek particles,
short words which never change,
can connect clauses
and qualify - and colour -
words, phrases or clauses.
85
participle
an adjective formed from a verb
(it can still take an object).
In Greek,
participles are
*either*
**present**
(a *_loving_* woman = γυνὴ φιλ*_οῦσα_*),
**future**
(about to love her husband
= φιλ*_ήσουσα_* τὸν ἄνδρα),
**aorist**
(after loving her husband
= φιλ*_ήσασα_* τὸν ἄνδρα)
*or*
**perfect**
(after having died, i.e. being dead
= *_τε*_θνη_*κυῖα_*).
86
part of speech
a grammatical term
identifying the function of a word:
noun, adjective, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection.
87
passive
when the verb is in the passive form,
the subject of the verb
does not perform the action
but experiences it:
the king ***was loved***
= ὁ βασιλεὺσ ***ἐφιλήθη***.
In Greek,
a significant number of middle verbs
use the passive form
in the aorist
(see p.66)
88
perfect tense
the tense of a verb
that refers to a completed action,
the effects of which
still continue in the present;
in English
the word
'have' or 'has'
is generally used:
he ***has written*** a letter
(and it is now written)
= *γέγ****ραφεν*** ἐπιστολήν.
The Greek perfect
may often be translated
by the present:
* *τέθνηκε** = he has died,
i. e. **he is dead.**
89
person
a term identifying
the subject of a verb:
1st person -
I
(singular),
we
(plural);
2nd person -
you
(both singular and plural);
3rd person -
he, she, it
(singular),
they
(plural);
dual -
both of you
(2nd person),
both of them
(3rd person).
(Adjective: **personal**.)
90
personal pronoun
a pronoun that refers to a person,
e.g.
I, you = ἐγώ, σύ.
91
phrase
a self-contained group of words
which does not
contain a finite verb:
I walked *through the city*.
92
pluperfect tense
the tense
that menas 'had',
referring to a past state
resulting from a completed action:
the flower ***had bloomed***
(and was then in flower)
= τὸ ἄνθοσ ***ἠνθήκει***.
93
plural
of nouns and other parts of speech,
referring to more than one:
the ships = αἱ νῆες.
94
positive
*not* negative;
(of adjectives)
*not* comparative *or* superlative.
95
possessive pronoun
a pronoun,
in an adjectival form,
that shows possession,
belonging to someone or something:
my, mine = ἐμόσ, ἐμή, ἐμόν.
96
prefix
a syllable or word
added to
the beginning of another word:
I ***over***shoot = ***ὑπερ***βάλλω.
97
preposition
a word that stands
(almost always)
in front of a noun or pronoun
to produce an adverbial phrase.
It expresses
a spatial, temporal or logical
meaning.
In Greek
it is followed by
the accusative, genitive or dative:
***according to*** the laws
= ***κατὰ*** τοὺσ νόμους.
98
present tense
the tense of a verb
that refers to something happening now:
I am playing, I play
= παίζω.
99
principal parts
the forms of a verb
that must be learnt to give access
to all its parts.
100
pronoun
a word that stands
instead of a noun (person or thing),
e.g. 'it' used in place of 'the tree':
this, that = οὗτοσ, αὕτη, τοῦτο;
ἐκεῖνοσ, ἐκείνη, ἐκεῖνο.
101
protasis
the 'if…' *or* 'unless…' clause
of a conditional sentence.
102
reduplication
the process by which
verbs begining with
a single consonant
(but not ῥ)
from a prefix
in the
perfect,
pluperfect
and
future perfect
by adding that letter
followed by an ε
at the beginning:
παύω,
***πέ***παυκα,
ἐ***πε***παύκη,
***πε***παύσομαι.
103
reflexive pronoun
a word
referring back to the subject
of the main verb
and
indicating that the action
of the verb
is perfomed on its subject:
he killed ***himself***
= ἀπέκτεινεν ***ἑαυτόν***.
The reflexive pronoun
never appears in the nominative.
104
regular verb
a verb that follows παύω in its forms.
105
relative pronoun
a pronoun
that introduces
a subordinate clause,
identifying the person or thing
mentioned in the main clause:
the man ***who*** loves me
= ὁ ἀνὴρ ***ὃσ*** φιλεῖ ἐμέ.
106
sentence
a group of words
with a subject and a verb,
that can stand on its own
to
make a statement,
ask a question,
give a command
or
express a wish.
107
sequence of tenses and moods
the principle
according to which
the use of a certain tense
in the main clause
determines
*whether*
the subjunctive *or* the optative
should be used
in a subordinate clause.
108
singular
of nouns and other parts of speech,
referring to just one:
the tree = τὸ δένδρον.
109
stem
the part of a noun, adjective or verb
to which endings are added:
***λόγ***-
is the stem of
***λόγ***ος = word;
***παύ***-
is the stem of
***παύ***ω = I stop;
***παύσ***-
is the stem of
***παύσ***ω = I shall stop.
110
subject
in a clause or sentence,
the noun or pronoun
that causes the action of the verb
or
has his/her/its/their state described:
***the queen*** killed the king
= ***ἡ βασίλεια*** ἀπέκτεινε τὸν βασιλέᾱ.
111
subjunctive
a verb form
that is used,
among many other functions,
to express
_doubt_,
_unlikelihood_
or
_possibility_;
it is less remote than the optative
in either likelihood or time.
Words such as
'**may**', '**might**' and '**should**'
can indicate a subjunctive
in English
(see p.61)
112
subordinate clause
a clause
which depends on another clause
(usually the main clause)
of the sentence in which it stands.
In the sentence,
'*He is an author
who is easy to understand*',
the clause
'*who is easy to understand*'
describes the author.
The clause would not make sense on its own. Thus it is subordinate.
113
superlative
the _form_ of an **adjective** or **adverb**
that makes it mean
'most' or 'very':
*most* small (small*est*), *very* small
= μῑκρ***ότατος***.
114
syllable
part of a word
that forms a spoken unit,
usually
a vowel sound
with consonants
before and/or after:
συμ-βάλ-λω (I throw together);
σύ-νο-δος (meeting).
115
syntax
the area of grammar
dealing with constructions.
116
tense
the form of a verb
that shows when
the action takes place:
present, future, perfect, etc.
(The word 'tense'
is related to French *temps*.)
117
terminations
the ending of
nouns, adjectives and verbs
that show their
case, number, gender, tense, person etc.
118
tragedy
the tragic plays
of _the three great Attic poets_
of the fifth century BC,
**Aeschylus**,
**Sophocles**
*and*
**Euripides**.
119
transitive verb
a verb
_used with a direct object_
*either* expressed *or* understood,
e.g.
'pick apples' *or* 'pick till you are tired'
(*but not*
'he picked at his lunch'
- here
'picked'
is intransitive).
120
verb
a word
that describes an action:
I ***arrived*** at Athens
= ***ἀφῑκόμην*** εἰσ τᾱ̀σ Ἀθήνᾱσ.
121
vocative
the case
by which
one
addresses or calls
to someone:
***Demosthenes***, come here!
= ὦ ***Δημόσθενεσ***, ἐλθὲ δεῦρο.
122
voice
the set of forms of a verb
that show
the relation of the subject
to the action,
i.e.
(in Greek)
**active**, **middle** *or* **passive**.
123
vowel
a sound,
*or*
letter representing a sound,
that can be spoken by itself:
**α**, **ε**, **η**, **ι**, **ο**, **ω**, **υ**.
