0-1 a Chapter 1 Flashcards
Corrections
The institutions and methods that society uses to correct, control and change behavior of convicted offender
blameworthy
the law defines that a person is criminally liable for his or her behavior
just deserts
punishment that is commensurate with the seriousness of the offense or the harm done
retribution
something given or demanded as repayment for wrongdoing; “getting even” for violating the social contract on which the law is based
general deterrent effect
the idea that punishing one person for his or her criminal acts will discourage others from committing the similar acts
specific deterrence
the idea that an individual offender will decide against repeating an offense after experiencing the painfulness of punishment for that offense
incapacitation
isolating offenders to protect society
selective incapacitation
identifying high-rate offenders and providing for their long term incarceration
rehabilitation
changing an offenders character, attitudes or behavior patterns so as to diminish his or her criminal propensities
evidence based programs
this approach is an analysis of programs with scientifically approved methods to discover what works with which offenders
restorative justice
making amends to the victim or society for the harm resulting from a criminal offense
equity goal of punishment
that offenders usually gain from criminal violations makes it seem just and right that they repay society and victims for losses, expenses, and damages that result from their crimes
Code of Hammurabi
Law code issued during the reign of Hammurabi of Babylon. The law of Lex Talionis makes its appearance in this code, one of the first comprehensive views of the law.
monastic confinement
prisons established by the church in the middle ages for those laity involved in offensive acts, such as incest and magic
bridewells
houses of corrections run by local authorities to teach habits of industry to vagrants and idlers
houses of correction
work houses where vagrants were forced to work to achieve the purposes of discipline and punishment
Charles-Louis De Secondant
Baron De Montesquieu
one of the founders of the classical school of criminology who advocated moderation of punishment
Cesare Bonesana Beccaria
one of the founders of the classical school of criminology who advocated that punishment should be public, immediate and necessary
jemerey Bentham
one of the founders of the classical school of criminology who believed that the law should accomplish the utilitarian purpose of protection of society
John Howard
English Sheriff who advocated jail reform
Alexander Maconochie
Served as the director of the prison colony in Australia and set up the “mark” system
Walter Crofton
Prison reformer who developed the Irish mark system, which eventually spread to the US and influenced the parole system
penitentiary
a prison in which persons found guilty of a felony are isolated from normal society
Eastern State Penitentiary
a fortress like prison in Philadelphia consisting of 7 wings radiating from a control hub. Prisoners were kept in solitary confinement. It became the model for prisoners in several European countries.
Pennsylvania Model
a penal system based on the belief that most prisoners would benefit from the experience of incarceration
Auburn Cellblock
an austere prison setting in Auburn, NY in which inmates were made to endure great suffering
Auburn silent system
system that demanded silence from all prisoners at all times, even when eating or working together
first correctional congress
congress held in Cincinnati in 1870 to present progressive ideas about corrections, which resulted in the formation of the declaration of principles
Zebulon Brockway
Superintendent of Elmira Reformatory in NY
Reformatory model
a penal system for youthful offenders featuring indeterminate sentencing and parole, classification of prisoners, educational and vocational training, and increased privileges for positive behavior
medical model
the idea that criminality is a sickness that can be cured through psychological intervention
Howard B. Gill
developed the “scamp” system at the Norfolk Prison colony in Virginia
Nolle Prosequi
a formal entry in the record of the court indicating that the prosecutor does not intend to proceed any further in this case
mass incarceration
term given to the high rates of incarceration in the US
prion-industrial complex
term used to describe the multimillion dollar prison building boom in which powerful corporate interest groups, large businesses and politicians join together to profit from the burgeoning corrections industry.
professionalism
the conduct, aims or qualities that characterize or make a profession or professional person
Reasons why we punish
- provides beneficial consequences
- It is deserved
- expresses public outrage
- teaches a lesson
- helps maintain the government
7 objectives of criminal punishment
-general deterrence
-specific deterrence
-incapacitation
-rehabilitation
-retribution/just deserts
restoration and justice
-equity/restitution
ideas within enlightenment and influenced corrections
Montesquieu, Beccaria and Bentham wrote about need for moderation:
- Punishment: swift, certain and moderate
- punishment should prevent/deter crime
- reject torture & most capital punishment
Early prison reformenrs
John Howard
Alexander Maconochie
Walter Crofton
Pennsylvania versus Auburn system
Pennsylvania used solitary confinement and penitence model; Auburn system demanded silence and prisoners marched to work and chow
How did reformatories contribute to the rehabilitation model
because of the system of indeterminate sentencing, the payment of inmates for work, supervision of inmates in community and system of behavior modification
Purpose of corrections
to provide sufficient consequences to individuals convicted by the courts so that the
- public will be protected
- crime will be reduced
- offenders learn that crime does not pay
relationship between corrections and the criminal justice system
part of the larger criminal justice system of which the police, the courts and corrections are the three parts of the system
extent and consequences of prison overcrowding
major issue
more than 2.2 million inmates
leads to increased inmate defiance and makes prisons more dangerous places to work
