𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥

Question 1

a “tree” which estimates the “historical” connections between species or genes
that they carry, it is the evolutionary history of the relationship between all living things.

Answer 1

Phylogeny

Question 2

is a branching diagram that discusses the evolutionary history
of a group of organisms.

Answer 2

Phylogenetic Tree

Question 3

OTU

Answer 3

Operational Taxonomic Unit

Question 4

the branch lengths are proportional to the number of
amino acid/nucleotide changes.

Answer 4

Scaled Branches/Phylogram

Question 5

The branch length is not proportional to the number of
changes occurring.

Answer 5

Unscaled Branches/Cladogram

Question 6

reflect the most basal ancestor of the tree in question

Answer 6

Rooted tree

Question 7

do not imply a known ancestral root

Answer 7

unrooted trees

Question 8

the principle that, out of all possible explanations for a phenomenon, the simplest of the set is most likely to be correct

Answer 8

parsimony method

Question 9

should contain sequences from only orthologous genes

Answer 9

species trees

Question 10

Sequences from different homologs can be included

Answer 10

gene tree

Question 11

a clade it consists of an ancestor and all its descendants

Answer 11

monophyletic group

Question 12

A clade that excludes species that share a common ancestor with its member

Answer 12

Paraphyletic

Question 13

is one whose members’ most recent
common ancestor is not a member of the group

Answer 13

Polyphyletic group

Question 14

• viewed species as fixed (unchanging).

• Concluded that life-forms could be arranged on a ladder, or scale, of increasing complexity, later called the Scala Naturae (“scale of nature”)

Answer 14

Aristotle

Question 15

This process involves 𝐜𝐮𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐃𝐍𝐀 𝐬𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐬 and pasting them
on a new sequence to create an organism with a specific set of hand-picked
traits.

Answer 15

Genetic Engineering/DNA Technology

Question 16

Gene transfers via virus

Answer 16

Transduction

Question 17

The uptake of DNA from the surrounding fluid

Answer 17

Transformation

Question 18

Cell to cell mating

Answer 18

Conjugation

Question 19

is a 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑫𝑵𝑨 molecule
smaller than and separate from the bacterial chromosomes.

Answer 19

Plasmid

Question 20

work by cutting the foreign DNA, a
process refers to as restrictions because it restricts foreign DNA from surviving in the cell.

Answer 20

Restriction Enzyme

Question 21

Is an enzyme that seals the bonds between restriction fragments.

Answer 21

DNA Ligase

Question 22

Father of Taxonomy

Answer 22

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 23

developed the two-part, or binomial, format for naming species (binomial
classification)

Answer 23

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 24

Linnaeus used a nested classification system, grouping similar species into increasingly inclusive categories.

Answer 24

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 25

Published Essay on the Principle of Population “Population must always be kept down to the level of the means of subsistence”

Answer 25

Thomas Maltus

Question 26

Published the Theory of Catastrophism - natural history has been punctuated by catastrophic
events that altered the way life developed and rocks were deposited.

Answer 26

Georges Cuvier

Question 27

• Founder of Modern Geology
• “Theory of Gradualism”
• profound changes to the Earth, such as the Grand Canyon, are due to slow continuous process and are not part of catastrophes

Answer 27

James Hutton

Question 28

• Author of “Principles of Geology”
• It has popularized geologist James Hutton’s concept of “uniformitarianism”
• Theory of Uniformitarianism - Slow subtle processes could cause substantial change over time

Answer 28

Charles Lyell

Question 29

parts of the body that are used extensively become larger and stronger, while those that are not used deteriorate

Answer 29

Principle of use and disuse

Question 30

Species didn’t die out in extinctions, Instead, they changed into other species

Answer 30

Jean Baptiste Lamarck