关于种植 Flashcards
一个vine包括哪些部分
（4）
- the roots
- permanent wood (trunk, arm/cordon)
- one-year-old wood (cane,spur)
- green parts of the vine(shoot: buds, leaves,tendrils, flowers and berries)
Buds turns into shoots，Shoots turn into woods,
冬天vine被pruned之后，one-year-wood被叫为cane还是spur取决于留了几个buds：
- cane （long，8～20buds）
- spur （short，2～3buds）
Vine needs 5 things:
需要外界获取，不是自己生成的
- heat
- sunlight
- water
- nutrients
- carbon dioxide
- heat （too cold -> vine will not grow or will struggle to survive)
- sunlight (photosynthesis)
- carbon dioxide
- water >to produce glucose and oxygen
- nutrients(extracted from soil) ->combine with glucose to support its growth
Factors affecting heat: 6
Latitude Altitude Ocean currents Fog Soil Aspect
Ocean currents如何影响vine
举例
__1___ transport __2__ across the ___3___ of the ocean,
leading to localized warming or cooling in certain wine regions.
Ex:
- The major currents
- Large volumes of warm or cold water
- Surface
Cool regions down: - The Humboldt Current off Chile - The Benguela Current off South Africa Warm regions up: - The Gulf Stream (the north-west of Europe)
Fog如何影响温度
fog can help cool an area that may otherwise struggle to produce high-quality grapes.
Soil如何影响heat
哪种土壤更加有利于heat
Soils that are either dark in color or that have a high stone and rock content
absorb and reradiate more of the sun’s heat than lighter colored soils.
土壤水分过多的坏处
Soils with high water content require more energy to warm up,
and conduct heat from the vine more quickly than dry soils.
This can delay budburst.
Aspect对heat的影响
对什么样的气候区域尤显重要
The vineyards with an aspect facing the Equator receive the most heat.
In the Northern Hemisphere south facing slopes get the most warmth
whereas in the Southern Hemisphere it is the north facing slopes.
This phenomenon is especially important in cool climates where the extra warmth can make the difference between a vine being able to ripen a crop or not.
The _____ between the coldest and the hottest ______ is referred to as Continentality.
- temperature difference
- months
A region’s continentality will determine the length of ____________ and this can has an impact on _______.
This in turn will influence what grape varieties can be successfully grown there.
- the growing season
- the total amount of heat available to a vine
_______ have the warming/cooling effect on the surrounding air.
Areas ______ generally have low continentality whereas wine regions that are _______ usually see more temperature extremes and have high continentality.
- Large bodies of water such as seas or lakes
- close to large bodies of water
- far inland
Diurnal range is _____________.
- the difference between daytime and night-time temperatures.
During the ripening,
cool nights can _________
warm nights can _________
- help slow the loss of aromas and acidity.
- accelerate ripening.
An example for diurnal range can help:
In a region with a warm or hot climate, a vineyard with a large diurnal range can produce wines that are _______ compare with a vineyard that has smaller diurnal range.
-fresher and more aromatic
影响vineyard的diurnal range的两个方面
- its proximity to seas and lakes or even small bodies of water like river (can reduce its diurnal range)
- the level of cloud cover
seas lakes rivers如何影响的diurnal range？(2)
They can
- hold enough warmth to keep adjacent vineyards warm overnight
- provide cooling breezes during the day.
Level of cloud cover 如何影响diurnal range？
Temperature :
- drop more quickly on clear nights ( there is no insulating blanket of cloud->increasing DR)
- rise more slowly on cloudy days (sunlight cannot heat the ground directly- reducing DR)
关于气温的灾害temperature hazards 分三个季节阶段, winter： Spring frosts： growing season：
什么导致什么
- Winter (-20C, most at risk is the graft, earthing up)
- Spring frosts (cold air freeze water vapour, buds/shoot）
- The growing season (1. cold spring delay budburst -> shorten the growing season -> no enough time for the grapes to ripen fully 2. Cold temperature -> flowering and fruit set disrupted -> smaller than average crop
Spring frosts
There are 4 main form of protection :
- Heater
- Wind machine
- Sprinkler
- Thoughtful vineyard design
Heaters如何应对Spring frosts
- Heaters may be placed throughout the vineyard and lit if frost is forecast.
- The heat they generate creates movement in the air preventing the cold air from settling and causing the frost.
Wind machine against spring frosts
A large fan that draws warm air from above to keep the temperature at ground above freezing.
Some wind machines incorporate heaters.
Sprinklers against frosts, how?
They spray water onto the vines.
As the water freezes, it releases some heat into the plant tissue protecting the buds and shoots.
Thoughtful vineyard design can also minimise the risk of frosts. How
Cold air sinks to the lowest point it can find, it is best to plant vineyards on slopes and avoid depressions in which cold air can collect.
Vineyards planted on the middle of the slope are noticeably less at risk from frost damage than those in lower lying areas.
Vines can also be trained high to avoid the worst of the cold air.
Factors affecting sunlight: (3)
- Latitude
- Sea and lakes
- Aspect
Latitude affecting sunlight, how:
Day length during the summer growing season is longer the further the vineyard is from the Equator.
(This extra sunlight is an important factor that helps Rieslings to ripen in Germany)
Seas and lakes affecting sunlight, how
Seas and lakes:
- Vineyards near large bodies of water tend to experience more cloud cover.
- Regions at the centre of large land masses tend to be sunnier.
- In some cases, vineyards situated above rivers or lakes can benefit from sunlight reflected from the surface of water
Sunlight hazards:
Not enough: (cloudy conditions) -flowering period -fruit set period =>smaller crop of grapes - growing season => the slowing in photosynthesis can stop grapes ripening fully
Too intense:
cause sunburn
=>leading to bitter flavors developing in the grape skins
