Zoonotic/Emergent disease Flashcards
Who are the ones that are at higher risk of getting a zoonotic disease?
Children, elderly, HIV positive individuals, immunosuppressed, cancer patient, chronic disease (liver, kidney, heart, diabetes, splenectomy or hemodialysis)
(T/F) The definition of zoonotic disease is a disease that normally does not exist in animals but it can infect people.
False - it normally exists in animals
What is an emerging infectious disease?
Appear in a population for the first time
OR
Disease which is known to exist but is rapidly increasing in prevalence or geographic range
What are the three factors associated with emerging disease?
Ecosystem alterations of athropogenic or natural in origin
Movements of pathogens or vectors via human or natural routes
Changes in microbes or in the ability to recognize emergent pathogens due to advances techniques
What are some diseases that have come because of ecosystem alterations?
Duck plague, anthrax, lyme - anthropogenic
sin nombre hantavirus, rift valley fever - natural changes
What example (that he gave in lecture) has come out of moving pathogens between wild hosts?
Rabies
What example (that he gave in lecture) has come out of moving pathogens between wild/domestic hosts?
Brucella
What example (that he gave in lecture) has come out of moving pathogens translocation hosts?
Rabies
What example (that he gave in lecture) has come out of moving pathogens in globalization?
West nile and monkey pox
What example (that he gave in lecture) has come out of moving pathogens of movement of vectors?
Lyme disease
What example (that he gave in lecture) has come out of moving pathogens in game farming?
Chronic wasting disease
What example (that he gave in lecture) has come out of moving pathogens deliberative introductions?
Rabbit calicivirus/myxomatosis
The emergency disease study wanted to determine the ____ and _____ of emergent pathogens in ______.
Nature
Magnitude
North America
What are the 5 human influences that have brought outbreaks of emerging diseases?
Environment degradation by pollution
Translocation of infected individuals
Feeding stations of songbirds and cervids
Game farming/aquaculture
Feral animals
What is the virus family that causes Hantavirus?
Bunyaviridae
What is the strains name that causes hantavirus that became an epidemic?
Sin nombre strain
Where is hatavirus mostly located in US?
Western USA
What are the hosts of hatavirus?
Rodents are the primary reservoir and it gets passed to deer and cotton
The trasmission of hantavirus is through (inhalation/ingestion) of urine/feces/saliva of a rodent.
Inhalation
What would be the control of choice for hantavirus?
Rodent control
Safety percautions for people
What is the organism that causes lyme disease?
Borrelia burgdorferi
Where and when does lyme occur more commonly?
Atlantic coast and during the summer
Who are the hosts for lyme disease?
White foot mouse (persistently infected)
White tailed deer (primary host for tick vector not the spirochete)
What stage of the tick has to bite to get lyme?
Infected larval nymph
Lepto and lyme are considered ____ bacteria.
Spirochete
Where does the bacteria have to shed from to get lepto?
Urine
How does lepto get transmitted once its out of the body?
Organism enters though the skin, mucous membranes, and bite wounds
How do we prevent lepto from spreading?
Pest control - rodents, raccoons, skunks
Rickettsia rickettsii causes what disease?
Rocket mountain spotted fever
Which tick transmits RMSF?
America dog tick (dermacentor variabilis)
What does the spirochete organism in RMSF have to contaminate to transmit?
Food/water
Where and when does RMSF happen?
Southeastern/southcentral USA and April-September (summer)
(T/F) Tularemia and the plague are considered bioterrorism.
True
What organism is Tularemia?
Francisella tularensis
What are the two cycles of tularemia hosts and what species they include?
Terrestrial cycle - rabbits/rodents
Aquatic cycle - muskrats/beavers
What is one of the main signs on necropsy a rabbit has tularemia?
Pinpoint white lesions in liver and spleen
Necrotic lymph nodes
Pneumonia
Yersenia pestis is the main organism in the disease
Plague
In what cycle is the plague maintained in nature through?
Flea-rodent cycle
Who are the reservoir rodent hosts of plague?
Voles, grasshopper mouth and rock squirrels
Who are the hosts of the plague?
Epizoonotic rodent hosts (periodic outbreaks)
Prarie dogs
Ground squirrels
Who are susceptible to the plague that are non rodent hosts?
Felids and black footed ferret
What is the main way of transmission for plague?
Flea bite (bacteria multiplies in flea GI tract, blockage of GI tract makes the tick regurg and infects blood into host)
The suggestive diagnosis of plague is a rapid decline of colonial rodents, how do you definitively test for it?
Culture ID and IHC
Preferred tissue - lymph nodes, blood, spleen/liver/lung
(T/F) We still consider a widespread eradication of rodents effective for the plague.
False - we do not do this and we MUST KILL THE TICKS
What type of category is the plague?
Bioterrorism category A
Brucella abortus causes what?
Bovine brucellosis
Where does bovine brucellosis happens and what is the clinical sign for both male and female?
Yellowstone national park
Causes abortion/orchitis in bovids
Ascarid roundworms cause what disease in raccons?
Baylisascaris
Where are the Baylisascaris worms located in the host?
GI tract
(T/F) Baylisascaris is zoonotic and is important because it does not cause clinical signs nor lesions in natural hosts.
True
How do raccoons get infected with Baylisacaris?
Consuming animals with encysted larvae
What do we need to do to get rid of Baylisacaris?
Require flaming to kill
Match the visceral larva migrans to the carnivore species it pertains to?
a. Toxocara canis
b. Toxocara cati
c. Toxoscaris leonina
d. Ascarid devosi
- Bobcat
- Mink
- Cats
- Foxes
A - 4
B - 1
C - 3
D - 2
How do we prevent visceral larva migrans from spreading?
Appropriate hygiene
What is the organism that causes hydatid cyst disease?
Echinoccocus multilocularis
Who is the definitive host and intermediate host of hydatid cyst disease?
Red fox - definitive
Rodent - intermediate
How do humans get hydatid cyst disease and what does it cause?
Accidentally ingest eggs shed in feces
Alveolar hydatid disease
What organ is destroyed by echinoccocus multilocularis?
Liver
What is the host of toxoplasmosis?
All felids
What are the two ways human can get toxo?
Fecal oral route
Tissue cysts in undercooked meat
What virus is monkey pox?
Orthopoxivirus
How is monkey pox transmitted?
Direct contact
(it is natural in tropical rainforest in Africa)
Who is the host of monkey pox?
African squirrel
(Young/old) individuals are more severely affected by monkey pox?
Younger
How do humans get monkey pox for the most part?
Contact with Gambian giant rat/prarie dog
What is the presentation of bats who have white nose syndrome?
White substance on their heads, ears, wings
Why is white nose syndrome so destructive to bat populations?
Highly contagious and the fungus thrives in dark, low temp and high humidity environment
Where is chytridiomycosis ubiquitous in nature?
Aquatic habitats and moist soil
Why is chytriciomycosis important?
Only fungus that infects vertebrates
Emerging panzoonotic of amphibian population
High mortality
What stages of the amphibian are affected by chytriciomycosis?
Adult and larvae
Chytridiomycosis is a non hyphal fungal pathogen that invades tissue and degrades (cellulose/chitin/ keratin).
All three
Who is most susceptible to iridovirus of amphibians?
Tadpoles
What disease do green sea turtles get that we discussed in class?
Fibropapillomatosis
Who does not get fibropapillomatosis?
Hatchlings
What virus causes fibropapillomatosis?
Herpes virus - can recur in times of stress
Why do turtles die do to fibropapillomatosis if it is benign?
Lose the ability to capture prey
What is the virus that causes rabbit hemorrhagic disease?
Calicivirus
What is the incubation period of rabbit hemorrhagic disease?
2-4 days
