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Wildlife > Handling and Anesthesia > Flashcards

Handling and Anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main idea to keep in mind to keep an animal safe?

A

Reduce stress
- Reduce the risk of capture myopathy

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1
Q

What three things do proper restrain allow for?

A

Physical examination, diagnostic evaluation, provide high quality care (administer treatments, including medications, bandages, physical therapy, surgery)

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2
Q

What hormone is released by stress?

A

Cortisol - can affect health and recovery

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3
Q

What three factors do we want to keep in mind to keep humans safe in a wildlife setting?

A

Prevention of physical harm (rabies vector species), protection from disease, responsibility to support staff

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4
Q

What is the main equipment we need to touch wildlife?

A

Gloves* (leather or latex) and goggles
Others: nets, creates and transportation enclosures, squeezing cages

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5
Q

What are the Virginia rabies vector species?

A

Raccoons, skunks, woodchucks, bats, foxes, opossum
Other mammals

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6
Q

(T/F) Before even touching an animal we have to prepare a plan and have all the equipment prepared.

A

True

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7
Q

What is the main goal for wildlife rehabilitation?

A

To get them back out to the wild
(Need to find food, avoid predators, display normal behavior function reasonably within populations)

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8
Q

What are the two questions you should keep in mind to be able to reduce the stress of wild animals while in rehab?

A

What is your patient’s habitat
What are your patients natural behavior

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9
Q

How can we make giving medications to wildlife easier?

A

Flavoring medication, hiding medications in food, once per day dosing when possible, topical treatments

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10
Q

(T/F) It is ok to talk to patients because they are lonely and use our baby voice because dogs are fine with it.

A

False - use inside voice, dont talk to patients, decrease handling time

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11
Q

What type of small animals are commonly seen in VA?

A

Squirrels, chipmunks, opossums, rabbits, woodchucks

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12
Q

What kind of gloves do you wear with passerines/other small birds? How do you handle them?

A

Latex gloves
Gentle restraint holding the head between the fingers and the palm on the back - keep head extended to reduce movement

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13
Q

What kind of gloves do you wear with aquatic birds? How do you handle them?

A

Regular gloves (to protect water proofing)
Gentle football hold to restrain the wings against the body, hand around neck, not around beak

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14
Q

What do you have to wear with long billed birds?

A

Always wear goggles!

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15
Q

What kind of gloves do you wear with raptors?

A

Leather gloves
Small species - thick gardening gloves
Medium species - elbow length leather gloves
Eagles/large species - double lined elbow to shoulder length gloves

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16
Q

What are the steps to restrain a large bird?

A

Grab feet first, hold upside down, grab both legs, grab the head from behind, flip up and hold against your body to help restrain the wings

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17
Q

How do you handle turtles?

A

One person manually restrains the limbs out of the shell
Second person restrain the head

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18
Q

At what point can snapping turtles or other aggressive aquatic species can bite?

A

Anything cranial to the midpoint of their shell

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19
Q

How do we handle snapping turtles?

A

Grab from behind, support with other hand under shell and other grasping tail

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20
Q

What would you use to restrain the head of a snapping turtle safely?

A

Anesthetic face mask with the rubber diaphragm removed
Clean toilet plunger placed quickly over the head

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21
Q

How do you want to control a snake?

A

Always control the head by gentle restrain and support the rest of the body to reduce patient stress

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22
Q

What is the general rule for larger snakes/pythons?

A

At least 1 person per 1 meter of body length

23
Q

What is different in the handling of amphibians vs other wild animals?

A

They have permeable skin
Use non latex gloves and non powdered gloves

24
Q

What do you want to do first before you touch amphibians?

A

Moisten gloves with distilled water prior to handling

25
Q

What will amphibians do when you start holding them?

A

Will often urinate as a defense mechanism

26
Q

What do you want to use for small mammals restraint?

A

Leather gloves, nets, boxes/chambers

27
Q

What is the most important safety issue when restraining small mammals?

A

Restraining the head - if they bite they might have to get tested for rabies

28
Q

How can you restrain fawn?

A

Eye cover, hold in lateral with limbs held firmly
Could use a second person as a limb holder

29
Q

How would you restrain a bear cub?

A

Manually restrain with heavy leather gloves but be cautious approaching

30
Q

What are key factors to keep in mind when performing anesthesia before sedating wild animals?

A

Fasting - they like to regurg
Recheck patient status before starting
Reschedule if needed due to patient stability, weather
Have sufficient staff

31
Q

What are the two general types of anesthesia monitoring?

A

Direct monitoring - using your senses
Indirect monitoring - using machinery

32
Q

What is one of the most important equipments to use in anesthesia monitoring?

A

Capnorgraph

33
Q

What is a big difference anatomically you have to keep in mind while intubating an avian patient?

A

Avian -
Glottis only (easy to intubate)
Complete tracheal rings (uncuffed or cole ET tubes)

Mammals -
Epiglottis to assist in airway protection
Incomplete tracheal rings (cuffed)

34
Q

(T/F) Avian patients have a diaphragm and only lungs. They will inhale, exhale, inhale, exhale as one breath cycle.

A

False -
Avian patients do not have a diaphragm and have lungs and air sacs

35
Q

(T/F) Avian patients will have a rapid induction and recovery and can use iso or sevoflurane as an inhalant anesthetic.

A

True

36
Q

Where do you want to secure the ET tube to a smaller bird?

A

The gnathotheca (mandible)

37
Q

Avian patients will require (positive/negative) pressure ventilation and require (manual/mechanical) ventilation under anesthesia

A

Positive
Manual

38
Q

What is an avian’s normal temperature?

A

104

39
Q

What can we do during the recovery of an avian patient?

A

After extubation can provide supplemental oxygen by face mask or oxygen cage

40
Q

(T/F) Avian patients can regurgitate easily

A

True

41
Q

What do we want to do to support metabolism before anesthesia in reptile patients?

A

We want to warm them up prior to procedure for at least a few hours

42
Q

Can we use mask induction in a turtle?

A

No

43
Q

If we are using inhalant anesthesia in reptiles what do we want to make sure we do?

A

Always intubate for inhaled anesthesia
No diaphragm - positive pressure ventilation

44
Q

Why do we not want to inflate the cuff in a reptile patient during anesthesia?

A

Due to complete tracheal rings

45
Q

What do you want to use for anesthetic monitoring in reptiles?

A

Doppler monitoring of the heart*
Esophageal stethoscope (larger)
Pulse oximetry - difficult
ECG

46
Q

What is different in reptile recovery of anesthesia?

A

It is incredibly slow and long - want to reduce anesthesia earlier than in mammals and want to keep warm
Turtles will wake up back to front

47
Q

What do you want to do to make sure your reptile patient is not staying anesthetized after your procedure?

A

No supplemental oxygen during recovery - use an ambu bag and ventilate with room air (they rely on oxygen tension to breath)

48
Q

How can you anesthetize an amphibian that is different from other species?

A

Skin is everything - Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS222) clove oil or topical isoflurane in carrier solution

49
Q

How do you supplement oxygen in amphibians during anesthesia?

A

Warm shallow, distilled water bath bubbled with oxygen
If larger species - intubate but not inflate cuff

50
Q

What do you want to do to recover an amphibian patient after anesthesia?

A

Wash off any topical anesthetic with distilled water
Keep warm and moist in padded enclosures

51
Q

Most small mammals patients will need to inflate the cuff during anesthetic procedures, which species do not require it?

A

Rabbits and rodents - may require special intubation techniques due to difficult visualization of the larynx

52
Q

What do small mammals need to do before releasing it to the wild again after anesthesia?

A

Able to climb, jump, or glide to escape predators

53
Q

(T/F) In large mammal anesthesia most if not all need to be anesthetize by injectable chemical immobilization. Pole syringe, hand injection or dart gun are good ideas.

A

True

54
Q

What do we want to keep in mind during large mammal anesthesia?

A

Position patients carefully to avoid regurg (sternal sometimes)

Wildlife (10 decks)

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