Zoonotic Diseases: Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
How are humans infected with
Toxoplasma gondii?
A
Oocysts in soil and kitty litter
or by
Bradyzoites encysted in PORK
2
Q
Which zoonotic disease causing agent is a protozoan and can be found within the intestinal cells of cats?
A
Toxoplasma
3
Q
Epidemiologists believe this zoonotic disease
comes from cumulative exposure to undercooked meants and not just soil exposure
A
Toxoplasma
4
Q
T/F
Toxoplasma infections are usually asymptomatic in immune competent children and adults
A
TRUE
5
Q
If a pregnant woman is avoiding eating pork, gardening, and cleaning her cat’s litterbox,
she is worried about
A
Toxoplasma gondii
6
Q
A parasitic nematode that is migratory during its larval stages causes diseases known as
A
Larval migrans
7
Q
What is the most common cause of
human toxocariasis
and in most cases is asymptomatic?
A
Visceral larval migrans
8
Q
Children are at risk for toxocariasis because
of these two common eating conditions
A
Pica
Geophagia
9
Q
How is toxocariasis prevented?
A
Regular antihelminthic tx of dogs, cats, and pups
10
Q
This is known as the
“Raccoon Roundworm”
A
Baylisascaris procyonis
11
Q
The most common form of larval migrans that occurs with infection of the raccoon roundworm, or
Baylisascaris procyonis
are
A
Ocular and Neurologic
12
Q
Dogs can function as _____ or _____ hosts
in the life cycle of the raccoon roundworm
A
Alternate definitive hosts
or intermediate hosts
13
Q
What is the definitive host of
- Taenia saginata*
- Taenia solium*
The Beef and Pork tapeworms?
A
HUMANS are the DH
14
Q
What is the name of the fish tapeworm in which
humans are the definitive host?
A
Diphyllobothrium
15
Q
How are cestode zoonoses spread to
a human definitive host?
A
Humans, as a definitive host, contract cestode zoonoses by
eating meat from intermediate hosts
16
Q
Humans function as what type of host in the following
cestode zoonoses?
- Echinococcus granulosis*
- Echinococcus multilocularis*
- Taenia solium (Cysticercosis)*
A
Humans are the intermediate hosts
17
Q
How are humans infected with cestode zoonoses
if they play the role of intermediate host in the cestode life cycle?
A
Humans, as intermediate hosts, contract cestode
zoonoses by eating larvated cestode EGGS
18
Q
Human symptoms of cestode zoonoses caused
by ingesting cestode larvated eggs
are caused by the _____
A
cyst
19
Q
Individual, large, fluid-filled cysts in multiple tissues
A
Hydatid cysts
20
Q
What causes hydatid cyst disease
and where are the cysts often found?
A
Echinococcus granulosus
Cysts often found in LIVER and sometimes brain
21
Q
Echinococcus granulosus, or “Cystic Echinococcus”
is a disease largely associated with what industry?
A
Sheep industry
22
Q
What are the intermediate hosts in the life cycle of the pathogen that causes
Hydatid cyst disease?
A
Sheep and moose
23
Q
What is the definitive host in a disease caused by
Echinococcus granulosus?
A
Dogs and Wolves
24
Q
How is the sylvatic cycle of Hydatid Cyst Disease
maintained?
A
Through Wolves and Moose
25
Treating a dog every 6 weeks with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
is a way to control Cystic (Hydatid) Echinococcus
Praziquantel
26
A disease characterized by multilocular, small, solid cysts in the liver which then metastasize to the lungs?
Alveolar cyst disease
27
What causes Alveolar Cyst Disease?
*Echinococcus multilocularis*
28
This disease, rare in North America, with an up to 75% fatality rate, has been **emerging (re-emerging) in Europe in recent years**
*Echinococcus multilocularis*
29
How can domestic dogs and cats get
Alveolar Cyst Disease?
Ingestion of hunted rodents
30
Foxes and Rodents maintain the natural cycle of
*Echinococcus multilocularis*
31
T/F:
A human can contract *Toxoplasma* and *Toxocara canis* via ingestion of infected meat
TRUE!
32
What is the major determining factor of if a bacterial agent can be used as a bioweapon?
Its ability to be aerosolized
33
*Francisella tularensis* is also called
Rabbit Fever
34
What is the primary, long-term reservoir of
Rabbit Fever?
RABBITS are the RESERVOIR!
| (Rodents and Lagomorphs)
35
Which animal is most likely to contract
*Francisella tularensis?*
Domestic CATS
also sheep
36
How does a cat contract tularemia?
By eating infected rodents or lagomorphs
37
How does a sheep contract tularemia?
Tick-borne
38
How does a human contract tularemia?
Usually ticks
but also
**DIRECT CONTACT with animals or carcasses**
and sometimes Aerosol exposure
39
*Xenopsylla cheopsis* is
a vector for this disease
PLAGUE!
## Footnote
*Yersinia pestis*
40
What is the primary cycle of *Yersinia pestis?*
Rodent-Flea-Rodent
41
How does a cat contract the plague?
By hunting and eating infected rodents
42
How would a human contract the plague caused by *Yersinia pestis?*
Flea Bite
Aerosol
**DIRECT from animal blood or abscesses**
43
Necrotic eschar at skin entry
is indicative of
The PLAGUE
44
Which two reportable diseases would be on your differential list
if you have an outdoor cat with
fever, lethargy, sepsis, and anorexia?
Plague and Tularemia
45
Lymphadenopathy in the cervical region of an
outdoor cat in addition to febrile symptoms and sepsis
could be caused by which agents?
* Yersinia pestis*
* Francisella tularensis*
46
MAJOR CAUTION is necessary when taking aspirates of this organ of a cat infected with *Yersinia pestis*
and *Francisella tularensis*
Lymph node aspirates
are high infectious
47
Wool Sorter's Disease is caused by
*Bacillus anthracis*
48
This spore-forming bacterium is a threat to veterinarians via 2 modes of transmission.
What are they?
Aerosol
Percutaneous via **BLOOD** from infected animals
49
Most vet cases of Anthrax are seen in what species?
Cattle!
50
What is the initial reservoir of *Bacillus anthracis?*
Soil!
51
What do *Bacillus anthracis* and *Yersinia pestis*
have in common in regards to clinical signs?
Both form **necrotic eschars** at the site of entry
52
What happens after anthrax spores enter the host?
Spore germinate and cause sepsis
53
DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
comes right before massive edema, shock, and death caused by
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ from *Bacillus anthracis* spores
**exotoxins**
54
How can you tell if a cow found dead in a field was an anthrax fatality?
Blood not clotted
Rapid bloating
Lack of rigor
Bleeding from orifices
Spores in blood
55
What is the asymptomatic reservoir host
of Hantavirus?
Rodents
56
Transmission is primarily aerosol in this worldwide disease caused by inhalation of urine, feces, and potentially saliva of rodents
Hantavirus
57
What is the secondary mode of transmission for Hantavirus?
Bite from a rodent!
58
The "New World Disease" in humans
is also known as
HPS
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
59
Which Hantavirus syndrome of humans is more fatal?
HPS
Fatal in 40% of human cases
60
Fever, chills, muscle pain, and headache followed by
increased vascular permeability
HPS
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
61
HFRS, the "old world" disease, characterized by
petechial hemorrhaging, renal damage and
cardiovascular shock, stands for ______ and is caused by \_\_\_\_\_\_
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome
caused by
HANTAVIRUS
62
What are the reservoirs for pulmonary fungal infection
disease causing agents?
Birds and bats
63
Humans, dogs, and cats that are infected with
this pathogen
are not infective because their body temperature is too high for sporulation
Fungal pulmonary infectious agents
## Footnote
* Blastomyces*
* Coccidioides*
* Cryptococcus*
* Histoplasma*
64
What is the reservoir of *Coccidioides immitis*?
SOIL!
65
*Coccidioides immitis* infects and _____ in
humans, dogs, cats, cattle, and horses
_amplifies_
66
The reservoir of this fungal pathogen is
the soil and buildings with
bird feces or bat guano
*Histoplasmosis*
67
This fungal pathogen can infect humans, cats, and dogs, and is 90% asymptomatic. Bird feces and bat guano are implicated as the reservoir
*Histoplasmosis*
68
Both *Histoplasmosis and* *Blastomyces dermatitides*
are soil fungi associated with bird feces and bat guano and can both infect humans, cats, and dogs.
Which one can also infect horses?
*Blastomyces dermatitides*
69
Family Orthomyxoviridae causes this
zoonotic virus
Influenza
70
Which animals can transmit influenza to humans?
Birds and Swine ONLY
71
What is the reservoir for Avian Influenza?
Wild birds
72
This animal is susceptible to both human and avian strains of influenza and is often called a
viral mixing vessel
Swine
73
How do people get influenza?
Direct and indirect contact (contaminated surfaces)
74
How do swine give influenza to each other?
Aerosolization, Direct contact
75
How do wild birds get influenza A?
Fecal-oral
Saliva
Nasal secretions
76
Upper respiratory and reproductive organs are affected in this strain of influenza
LPAI
Low Pathogenicity Avian Influenza
77
Q fever (Abattoir fever) is caused by
*Coxiella burnetti*
78
People that work with pregnant sheep are at risk of contracting
Q Fever (*Coxiella burnetti*)
79
How is *Coxiella burnetti* transmitted?
In birth products, milk
feces, urine
Aerosol
Tickborne
80
A sheep farmer noticed that his sheep were
not eating, and some were aborting their lambs.
about 3 weeks later, he got a fever, chills and sweats, and a persistent headache. What is the pathogen responsible?
*Coxiella burnetti*
81
How do birds get *Chlamydiosis*?
Fecal-oral route
82
What types of birds is *Chlamydiosis* most common in?
Psittacine birds:
Parrots and Cockatiels
83
How does a human get *Psittacosis* or *Chlamydiosis*?
DIRECT HANDLING of an infected bird!
84
A lady comes in to a doctor's office and says that she's been feeling sick. She has a headache, cough, and muscle pain with shortness of breath. She also said she was very sensitive to light.
As the lady checked the time on her phone, the doctor noticed a picture of her pet parrot on the background
and then knew exactly what she had.
What is causing her illness?
*Chlamydophilia psittaci*
85
This was first noted in China in 2003 and was originally a bat coronavirus. It jumped to civets and then eventually humans during wild animal markets
SARS
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
86
John Snow said _____ was transmitted via
fecal-oral route in the water supply.
He also made a bullseye map when he went door to door mapping the cases of this disease
CHOLERA
87
Robert Koch isolated this bacteria and is responsible for the beginning of Germ Theory
Anthrax
88
Pasteur is responsible for developing this, which he first tested in ruminants
Vaccines
89
What causes Typhoid fever?
*Salmonella typhi*
90
Typhoid Mary was this type of carrier
Asymptomatic carrier!
91
Ronald Ross discovered that _____ was transmitted by mosquitoes
Malaria
92
Walter Reed discovered that _____ was transmitted by mosquitoes
Yellow Fever
93
What is the reservoir host of West Nile Virus?
Birds
94
What are the incidental hosts for West Nile Virus?
Humans and horses
95
When a microbe is replicating but not yet enough for the host to become **infectious**
**Latent** Period
96
When a microbe is replicating but not yet
## Footnote
**symptomatic**
**Incubation** period
97
Rabies, West Nile, EEV and Influenza H5N1
are all in Stage ___ of pathogen emergence
Stage 2
98
What are the reservoirs of West Nile and EEEV?
Birds
99
**Humans, horses, and dogs** are _dead end hosts_ in
these Stage 2 (of pathogen emergence) diseases
West Nile
EEEV/WEEV
100
What are the reservoirs for Rabies?
Carnivores and Bats
101
What is the dead-end host of Influenza H5N1 (Bird Flu)
Humans
102
Name two Stage 3 diseases of pathogen emergence
* Mycobacterium bovis*
* Nipah Virus*
103
What is the reservoir for *Mycobacterium bovis?*
Cattle, Bison, and Elk
104
How do humans contract *Mycobacterium bovis*?
Via the respiratory route
| (poor human to human transmission)
105
Fruit bats are the reservoir for this disease in Stage 3 of pathogen emergence
Nipah Virus
106
What is the major manifestation of Nipah Virus infection in humans?
Encephalitis
107
What is the reservoir for SARS?
Fruit bats!
108
SARS and H1N1 "Swine Flu" are both in
Stage __ of Pathogen Emergence
4
109
HIV/AIDS, a Stage 5 disease of Pathogen Emergence,
originated from
Non-human primates
110
Measles, a Stage 5 disease of Pathogen Emergence,
originated in
Cattle
111
Smallpox, a Stage 5 disease of Pathogen Emergence,
originated in
Camels
112
Dengue Fever, a Stage 5 disease of Pathogen Emergence, originated in
Old World Primates
113
Yellow fever, a Stage 5 disease of Pathogen Emergence, originated in
African primates
114
Zoonotic diseases comprise \_\_\_% of all diseases that infect humans
_61%_
115
Zoonotic diseases comprise \_\_\_% of all emerging diseases
_75%_
116
What ratio of supervisors to workers is the IDEAL
as recommended by NIMS (National Incident Management System: Directive 5)?
1 supervisor : 5 workers
117
What is the persistently infected wildlife reservoir
of FMD (foot and mouth disease)?
Cape Buffalo
118
What species is considered the "disease indicator" for FMD?
Cattle
119
What species serves as the
Amplifying Host
for FMD?
Pigs!
120
Sheep and goats are lucky because they rarely
suffer signs from FMD. They are known as
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ hosts for FMD
Maintenance Hosts
121
T/F:
FMD can cause serious disease in horses and donkeys
FALSE!
Equids are NOT affected by FMD
122
Severe signs in animals housed on concrete including neurological signs
are indicative of this vesicle causing disease
Swine Vesicular Disease
123
Horses are only affected by one vesicular disease.
Which one is it?
Vesicular stomatitis
124
FMD can cause abortions in this species
Cattle
125
FMD can reside in the pharyngeal tissue of cattle for
\_\_\_ to ___ months
6 - 24 months
126
FMD can reside in the pharyngeal tissue of
sheep and goats for
\_\_ to __ months
4 - 6 months
127
This paramyxovirus that affects ruminants has been eradicated world wide
Rinderpest
128
You go to a piggery and see some of the piglets
huddling together. You notice cyanosis and erythematous lesions on the huddling piglets.
What is the first disease on your differential list?
Classical Swine Fever
| (Pestivirus)
129
What is the incubation period of African Swine Fever?
5 - 19 days
130
Picornaviridae, which is antigenically related to human
coxsackievirus B5, causes this disease
Swine Vesicular Disease (SVD)
131
FMD is ____ severe than SVD in pigs
FMD is _MORE_ severe than Swine Vesicular Disease
132
This disease affects cows and has an incubation period of 2 to 8 years with 100% mortality rate
BSE
133
How is Newcastle Disease transmitted?
Direct contact with feces or respiratory secretions
or
Indirect contact with feed, water, equipment, or human clothing
134
A chicken farmer has noticed that his hens are not producing as many eggs as normal. All of a sudden, almost 1/2 his flock dies off, over a course of two days and a few more die throughout the rest of the week.
Now, some of the birds are walking funny and can't keep their balance (neuro signs).
What is causing this chicken die-off?
Newcastle Disease
135
Which subtypes of LPAI can mutate into HPAI?
H5 or H7
136
What surface antigen is responsible for attachment
for Influenza A Bird Flu?
Hyaluronidase
137
Which surface antigen is responsible for viral release
for Influenza A Bird Flu?
Neuraminidase
138
What is the most common clinical sign in humans
infected with HPAI?
Conjunctivitis
139
Asymptomatic domestic ducks are the asymptomatic reservoirs of this strain of influenza, which causes
pneumonia and high fatalities in humans?
H5N1 (Bird Flu)
