Definitions: Test 1 Flashcards
Diseases with animal reservoirs
Zoonosis
The study of the distribution and determinants
of disease and other health outcomes in
animal populations
Epizootiology
Chronic infections with minimal symptoms caused by pathogens
Balanced pathogenicity
A habitat in which a pathogen normally
lives, grows, and multiplies
Reservoir
A pathogen
that undergoes changes or multiplies
while inside this living organism.
This activity is required for transmission
Biological vector
Disease caused by invasion and multiplication
of a living agent in/on a host
Infectious disease
Invasion, but not multiplication, of a living agent
in/on a host
Infestation
Disease that is transmissible from
one animal to another
via
direct or airborne routes
Contagious disease
Disease caused by an agent capable of transmission
by direct, airborne, OR INDIRECT routes
from an infected person, animal, reservoir, or fomites
Communicable disease
A curve that represent the number of NEW
cases of a disease over time
Epidemic curve
An epidemic curve representative of
CONTAGIOUS Diseases
and
exposure is followed by waves of cases
Propagated source
An epidemic curve that can determine
max, average, and minimum incubation times
and
exposure is at the same time from the same source
Common source single point exposure
An epidemic curve where exposure is
from the same source but at different times
and
this curve cannot determine incubation times
Common source with intermittant exposure
Factors that help determine the probability,
distribution, or severity of disease
in a population of animals.
An example is host susceptibility.
Determinant
A major contributing factor, usually a necessary one,
that helps determine the status of a disease in a population
Primary determinant
A predisposing or enabling factor that makes a disease more or less LIKELY
Secondary Determinant
This factor must always be present in order for
a disease to occur
primary determinant
If antimicrobial resistance is obtained
de novo,
what does that mean?
Resistance is obtained
through mutation
This is entirely determined by genotype
Genetic disease
This is partially determined by genotype
Genetic susceptibilities
The idea that infectious diseases can be contained if the population’s resistance to disease is
high enough
Herd Immunity
A previously unknown disease that suddenly
appears in a population
Emerging disease
A known disease that suddenly appears in
a NEW population
Emerging disease
A known disease, previously on the decline, that is
becoming more common and will
likely continue to do so
Re-emerging disease
A stage of pathogen emergence in which
the pathogen is
exclusive to a single species
Stage 1
A stage of pathogen emergence in which
an animal can infect humans and other animals,
but there is no transfer among them
(Dead-end host)
Stage 2
A stage of pathogen emergence in which
an animal can infect humans and other animals
and there are a few cycles of transmission
among them
Stage 3
A stage of pathogen emergence in which
an animal can infect humans and other animals
and there is sustained transmission among them
Stage 4
A stage of pathogen emergence in which
a pathogen is exclusive to a new species
Stage 5
The malicious attempt to disrupt or destroy the
agricultural industry or food supply of
a population through the use of plant or animal pathogens
Agroterrorism
An attempt to prevent hazards from developing
into disasters altogether or to reduce the effects
of disasters when they occur
Mitigation
Actions taken to provide emergency assistance, save lives, minimize property damage, and speed recovery
Response
A team intended for use by LOCAL governments
for rapid response to a local event
and utilizes local resources
CART
County Animal Response Team
Interagency organizations dedicated to
helping during animal emergencies
and run as a public-private partnership
SART
State Animal Response Team
A federal level veterinary team that operates under
AVMA and provides assistance to state animal health authorities and functions to provide
early assessment volunteer teams, basic treatment
volunteer teams, and training
VMAT
Vet Medical Assistant Team
Part of the Department of Health and Human Services
National Disaster Medical Team.
A fully supported federal government team comprised of private citizens that have been approved as intermittent federal employees during a disaster and have professional expertise in the areas of vet med, public health, and research
NVRT
National Vet Response Team
Part of the USDA’s Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service (APHIS),
this agency was established to respond to exotic disease outbreaks and other disasters that affect livestock, poultry, companion animals, and wildlife.
These people are considered temporary USDA APHIS employees
NAHERC
National Animal Health Emergency Response Corp
One of 7 uniformed services (not an armed service)
consisting of more than 6,500 health professionals and 100+ veterinarians whose officers are dedicated to PH promotion, response, science, and disease prevention
US Public Health Service
Part of the Department of Homeland Security,
this agency establishes a comprehensive, national, all-hazards approach to
domestic incidence response
NRF
National Response Framework
Part of Homeland Security Presedential Directive-5,
this is a core set of concepts, principles, and terminology for
incident command and the coordination of multiple agencies; It also mandates the use of the
Incident Command System (ICS)
NIMS
National Incident Management System
A system with a top-down structure standardized for
multi-agency cooperation and is mandated by
NIMS (National Incident Management System)
ICS
Incident Command System
Veterinarians are involved in which 2 of the 5
management functions of the ICS (Incident Command System)?
Operations and Planning
A disease that the government actively monitors
Regulatory animal disease
The veterinary equivalent to WHO (World Health Org)
that maintains a list of internationally reportable animal diseases, WAHID, and requires member countries to
report cases of reportable disease within 24 hours
OIE
(World Organization for Animal Health)
A database of diseases, events, and notification systems all associated with animal health
and
is mainted by the OIE (World Org for Animal Health)
WAHID
World Animal Health Information Database
The US federal agency that is responsible for
surveillance of foreign disease introduction, and surveillance and eradication of diseases
in the US
USDA
US Department of Agriculture
The veterinarian the USDA employs in every state
that is responsible for investigating potential
FADs (Foreign Animal Diseases) and overseeing
other animal health programs
AVIC
Area Vet In Charge
The agency responsible for inspecting agricultural products and meat for foodborne disease,
managing nationwide control programs for selected enzootic diseases, and regulates all animal imports and exports in the US
USDA
US Dept. of Agriculture
The only lab in the US that can officially diagnose
a FAD (Foreign Animal Disease) that is run by the USDA
NVSL
National Veterinary Services Lab
A USDA-lead certification program for
clinical vets that requires knowledge of:
the signs of FADs and reportable diseases,
proper procedures for vax and testing animals for regulated diseases,
how to fill out legal documents, and who to report diseases to, when and how
Federal USDA Accreditation
This category of USDA federal accreditation requires
3 units of supplemental training every 3 years
to maintain accreditation and is only inclusive of
small companion animals like dogs, cats, and rabbits, and
lab animals, non-human primates, and wildlife
Category 1
This category of USDA accreditation
requires 6 units of supplemental training every 3 years
to maintain accreditation and includes all animals without exclusions like food and fiber species (ruminants and pigs) and horses, as well as zoo animals.
Category II
Risk = Probability x _______
Severity
Risk = Hazard __ Outrage
Hazard + Outrage
PLUS!!
A probability or threat of any negative occurrence or loss that is caused by external or internal
vulnerabilities and that
may be avoided
through preemptive action
Risk
How much harm a risk is likely to do
Hazard
How upset a risk is likely to make people
Outrage
There is a _____ correlation between a risk’s
Hazard and Outrage
LOW
Combination of thought and emotion
associated with risk
Risk perception
Acceptance–> Fear–>Denial–>Panic
are
human reactions to ______
risk
According to Sandman’s 4 tasks of Risk Communication,
when Hazard is HIGH
and
OUTRAGE is LOW
what is the task?
Precaution advocacy
“Watch out!”
According to Sandman’s 4 tasks of Risk Communication,
when both hazard AND outrage are HIGH,
what is the task to be done?
Crisis communication
Precrisis - Initial -Maintenance- Resolution - Evaluation
are the 5 parts of what?
The Risk Communication Life Cycle
A roadmap for displaying detailed hierarchically
organized responses to anticipated questions
or concerns
Message Mapping
(Vincent Covello Ph.D)
According to Message Mapping,
how many key messages and supporting facts
should you have?
3 key messages
and
3 supporting facts
(less than 3 seconds a message)
Diseases that humans get from other humans
and have a human reservoir
Anthroponoses
Infectious diseases that people get from animals
either directly or indirectly
and
animals are the ultimate reservoir for the disease
Zoonoses
___% of US households have at least 1 pet
62%
An animal that is used for surveillance of
zoonotic diseases or disease in a different species?
Sentinel animals
Zoonotic diseases a human can get from a bird
(list 5)
Chlamydia psittaci
West Nile
Cryptococcus
Newcastle DZ
Avian Influenza (A)
Zoonotic diseases a human can get from a rodent
or Lagomorph (6)
Hantavirus
- Yersinia pestis*
- Francisella tularensis*
Rabies
Lepto
Lyme Dz
Zoonotic diseases that humans can get from horses
- Salmonella*
- Cryptosporidium*
WEEV, EEEV, VEE (mosquito vectors)
Toxoplasma gondii, Pasteurella, Yersinia pestis, and Francisella tularensis
are zoonotic diseases that humans can get from
____________
CATS!
TYPF
Coxiella burnetii, Anthrax, Mycobacterium bovis, Campylobacter, Crypotosporidium, and Brucella
are all zoonotic diseases that humans can get from
_________
FOOD ANIMALS
CCCBAM
T/F:
Mycobacterium is a zoonoses that humans can get from fish
TRUE
Systematic continuous observation of populations
and collection and analysis of data from varied sources for rapid detection and timely response to
important health events
Surveillance
What is the purpose of surveillance?
Rapid detection of disease outbreaks
Support dz control and eradication
Assess population health and safety of food
Produce info about the disease
Evaluate dz control and biosecurity programs
Detection, Response, Communication, and Information Production are the 4 components of
what?
Surveillance
The type of surveillance that is
initiated by the sample provider
Passive surveillance
Which is the most common type of surveillance?
PASSIVE surveillance
Reportable disease programs
Sero-surveys at auction markets
and
Diagnostic lab submission
are all examples of which type of surveillance?
PASSIVE
because it is
reporting at the discretion of the owner
Involved and committed effort of the veterinarian or health authority to ID subjects for data or samples
ACTIVE surveillance
Which types of surveillance are capable of
early detection of emerging diseases?
Passive and Sentinel
Chickens are sentinels for
human risk of
EEEV and WEEV
Which type of surveillance is capable of making
a valid estimate of the amount and importance
of a disease in the population?
ACTIVE surveillance
Only taking samples from downer cattle for
BSE testing, is what type of surveillance?
Targeted surveillance
A dairy farm has an outbreak of Bovine TB
in its facility. Can you get sick from drinking the
pasteurized milk?
NO! Milk is safe, but meat is not
A surveillance system that lists human diseases that are reportable at the national level and is a collaboration of the CSTE and CDC?
NNDSS
National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System
CSTE stands for?
Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists
Reports data every week that is
sent in by state health departments
MMWR
Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report
The CDC program that tracks evolving health problems by collecting many types of data like from emergency rooms, and pharmaceutical sales?
It is real time and web based
BioSense
The active surveillance network for foodborne disease in the US and is part of the CDCs Emerging Infections Program (EIP)
FoodNet
This system, created by the USDA APHIS
collects, analyzes, and disseminates data across the US about animal health, management and productivity
and collects data using BOTH PASSIVE AND ACTIVE SURVEILLANCE
NAHMS
National Animal Health Monitoring System
Maintaining a healthy population by preventing disease occurrence is _____ prevention
primary
Control is similar to ______ prevention
secondary
Attempts to minimize damage after a disease has occurred is _____ prevention
secondary
Mastitis control program is an example of
_____ prevention
tertiary
rehabilitation after primary and secondary preventions have failed
Test and slaughter programs and stamping out
are examples of ____ prevention
secondary
Vaccinations, meat inspection, and border security are examples of ____ prevention
primary
A disease agent that has been completely removed from an area of concern has undergone
________ eradication
total
Elimination of a disease organism from the reservoirs of importance to humans and their domestic animals
Practical eradication
An example of a disease that has undergone
Practical Eradication is __________
and it is still present in raccoons, skunks, bats, and foxes
Canine Rabies
_____ have latent periods followed by infectious periods
while
______ have incubation periods followed by symptomatic periods
INFECTIONS: latent–>infectious
DISEASES: incubation–>symptomatic
________ renders infected individuals as
non-shedders
Vaccination
National litigation concerned with
prevention, detection, control, and eradication
of diseases and pests of animals
Animal Health Act
What 3 organizations are responsible for
animal health litigation internationally?
WTO (World Trade Organization
SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement)
OIE (World Animal Health Organization)
Which agency’s mission is to
protect the health and value of American agriculture and natural resources
and who’s responsible for
developing science-based standards in animal health
USDA APHIS
Where is the USDA APHIS
FOREIGN Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab?
Plum Island
This agency sets standards for the
national surveillance program
and
administer the NAHMS
(national animal health monitoring system)
CEAH
Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health
(Fort Collins, CO)
