Definitions: Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Diseases with animal reservoirs

A

Zoonosis

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2
Q

The study of the distribution and determinants

of disease and other health outcomes in

animal populations

A

Epizootiology

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3
Q

Chronic infections with minimal symptoms caused by pathogens

A

Balanced pathogenicity

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4
Q

A habitat in which a pathogen normally

lives, grows, and multiplies

A

Reservoir

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5
Q

A pathogen

that undergoes changes or multiplies

while inside this living organism.

This activity is required for transmission

A

Biological vector

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6
Q

Disease caused by invasion and multiplication

of a living agent in/on a host

A

Infectious disease

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7
Q

Invasion, but not multiplication, of a living agent

in/on a host

A

Infestation

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8
Q

Disease that is transmissible from

one animal to another

via

direct or airborne routes

A

Contagious disease

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9
Q

Disease caused by an agent capable of transmission

by direct, airborne, OR INDIRECT routes

from an infected person, animal, reservoir, or fomites

A

Communicable disease

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10
Q

A curve that represent the number of NEW

cases of a disease over time

A

Epidemic curve

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11
Q

An epidemic curve representative of

CONTAGIOUS Diseases

and

exposure is followed by waves of cases

A

Propagated source

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12
Q

An epidemic curve that can determine

max, average, and minimum incubation times

and

exposure is at the same time from the same source

A

Common source single point exposure

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13
Q

An epidemic curve where exposure is

from the same source but at different times

and

this curve cannot determine incubation times

A

Common source with intermittant exposure

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14
Q

Factors that help determine the probability,

distribution, or severity of disease

in a population of animals.

An example is host susceptibility.

A

Determinant

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15
Q

A major contributing factor, usually a necessary one,

that helps determine the status of a disease in a population

A

Primary determinant

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16
Q

A predisposing or enabling factor that makes a disease more or less LIKELY

A

Secondary Determinant

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17
Q

This factor must always be present in order for

a disease to occur

A

primary determinant

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18
Q

If antimicrobial resistance is obtained

de novo,

what does that mean?

A

Resistance is obtained

through mutation

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19
Q

This is entirely determined by genotype

A

Genetic disease

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20
Q

This is partially determined by genotype

A

Genetic susceptibilities

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21
Q

The idea that infectious diseases can be contained if the population’s resistance to disease is

high enough

A

Herd Immunity

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22
Q

A previously unknown disease that suddenly

appears in a population

A

Emerging disease

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23
Q

A known disease that suddenly appears in

a NEW population

A

Emerging disease

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24
Q

A known disease, previously on the decline, that is

becoming more common and will

likely continue to do so

A

Re-emerging disease

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25
A stage of pathogen emergence in which the pathogen is exclusive to a single species
Stage 1
26
A stage of pathogen emergence in which an animal can infect humans and other animals, but there is no transfer among them (Dead-end host)
Stage 2
27
A stage of pathogen emergence in which an animal can infect humans and other animals and there are a few cycles of transmission among them
Stage 3
28
A stage of pathogen emergence in which an animal can infect humans and other animals and there is sustained transmission among them
Stage 4
29
A stage of pathogen emergence in which a pathogen is exclusive to a new species
Stage 5
30
The malicious attempt to disrupt or destroy the agricultural industry or food supply of a population through the use of plant or animal pathogens
Agroterrorism
31
An attempt to prevent hazards from developing into disasters altogether or to reduce the effects of disasters when they occur
Mitigation
32
Actions taken to provide emergency assistance, save lives, minimize property damage, and speed recovery
Response
33
A team intended for use by LOCAL governments for rapid response to a local event and utilizes local resources
CART County Animal Response Team
34
Interagency organizations dedicated to helping during animal emergencies and run as a public-private partnership
SART State Animal Response Team
35
A federal level veterinary team that operates under AVMA and provides assistance to state animal health authorities and functions to provide early assessment volunteer teams, basic treatment volunteer teams, and training
VMAT Vet Medical Assistant Team
36
Part of the Department of Health and Human Services National Disaster Medical Team. A fully supported federal government team comprised of *private citizens that have been approved as intermittent federal employees during a disaster* and have professional expertise in the areas of vet med, public health, and research
NVRT National Vet Response Team
37
Part of the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), this agency was established to *respond to exotic disease outbreaks and other disasters that affect livestock, poultry, companion animals, and wildlife.* These people are considered temporary USDA APHIS employees
NAHERC National Animal Health Emergency Response Corp
38
One of 7 uniformed services (not an armed service) consisting of more than 6,500 health professionals and 100+ veterinarians whose officers are dedicated to PH promotion, response, science, and disease prevention
US Public Health Service
39
Part of the Department of Homeland Security, this agency establishes a comprehensive, national, all-hazards approach to domestic incidence response
NRF National Response Framework
40
Part of Homeland Security Presedential Directive-5, this is a core set of concepts, principles, and terminology for incident command and the coordination of multiple agencies; It also mandates the use of the Incident Command System (ICS)
NIMS National Incident Management System
41
A system with a top-down structure standardized for multi-agency cooperation and is mandated by NIMS (National Incident Management System)
ICS Incident Command System
42
Veterinarians are involved in which 2 of the 5 management functions of the ICS (Incident Command System)?
Operations and Planning
43
A disease that the government actively monitors
Regulatory animal disease
44
The veterinary equivalent to WHO (World Health Org) that maintains a list of internationally reportable animal diseases, WAHID, and requires member countries to report cases of reportable disease within 24 hours
OIE | (World Organization for Animal Health)
45
A database of diseases, events, and notification systems all associated with animal health and is mainted by the OIE (World Org for Animal Health)
WAHID World Animal Health Information Database
46
The US federal agency that is responsible for surveillance of foreign disease introduction, and surveillance and eradication of diseases in the US
USDA US Department of Agriculture
47
The veterinarian the USDA employs in every state that is responsible for investigating potential FADs (Foreign Animal Diseases) and overseeing other animal health programs
AVIC Area Vet In Charge
48
The agency responsible for inspecting agricultural products and meat for foodborne disease, managing nationwide control programs for selected enzootic diseases, and regulates all animal imports and exports in the US
USDA US Dept. of Agriculture
49
The only lab in the US that can officially diagnose a FAD (Foreign Animal Disease) that is run by the USDA
NVSL National Veterinary Services Lab
50
A USDA-lead certification program for clinical vets that requires knowledge of: the signs of FADs and reportable diseases, proper procedures for vax and testing animals for regulated diseases, how to fill out legal documents, and who to report diseases to, when and how
Federal USDA Accreditation
51
This category of USDA federal accreditation requires 3 units of supplemental training every 3 years to maintain accreditation and is only inclusive of small companion animals like dogs, cats, and rabbits, and lab animals, non-human primates, and wildlife
Category 1
52
This category of USDA accreditation requires 6 units of supplemental training every 3 years to maintain accreditation and includes all animals without exclusions like food and fiber species (ruminants and pigs) and horses, as well as zoo animals.
Category II
53
Risk = Probability x \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Severity
54
Risk = Hazard __ Outrage
Hazard **+** Outrage PLUS!!
55
A probability or threat of any negative occurrence or loss that is caused by external or internal vulnerabilities and that may be avoided through preemptive action
Risk
56
How much harm a risk is likely to do
Hazard
57
How upset a risk is likely to make people
Outrage
58
There is a _____ correlation between a risk's Hazard and Outrage
_LOW_
59
Combination of thought and emotion associated with risk
Risk perception
60
Acceptance--\> Fear--\>Denial--\>Panic are human reactions to \_\_\_\_\_\_
_risk_
61
According to Sandman's 4 tasks of Risk Communication, when Hazard is HIGH and OUTRAGE is LOW what is the task?
Precaution advocacy "Watch out!"
62
According to Sandman's 4 tasks of Risk Communication, when both hazard AND outrage are HIGH, what is the task to be done?
Crisis communication
63
Precrisis - Initial -Maintenance- Resolution - Evaluation are the 5 parts of what?
The Risk Communication Life Cycle
64
A roadmap for displaying detailed hierarchically organized responses to anticipated questions or concerns
Message Mapping | (Vincent Covello Ph.D)
65
According to Message Mapping, how many key messages and supporting facts should you have?
3 key messages and 3 supporting facts (less than 3 seconds a message)
66
Diseases that humans get from other humans and have a human reservoir
Anthroponoses
67
Infectious diseases that people get from animals either directly or indirectly and animals are the ultimate reservoir for the disease
Zoonoses
68
\_\_\_% of US households have at least 1 pet
62%
69
An animal that is used for surveillance of zoonotic diseases or disease in a different species?
Sentinel animals
70
Zoonotic diseases a human can get from a bird (list 5)
*Chlamydia psittaci* West Nile *Cryptococcus* Newcastle DZ Avian Influenza (A)
71
Zoonotic diseases a human can get from a rodent or Lagomorph (6)
Hantavirus * Yersinia pestis* * Francisella tularensis* Rabies Lepto Lyme Dz
72
Zoonotic diseases that humans can get from horses
* Salmonella* * Cryptosporidium* WEEV, EEEV, VEE (mosquito vectors)
73
*Toxoplasma gondii, Pasteurella, Yersinia pestis, and Francisella tularensis* are zoonotic diseases that humans can get from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
_CATS!_ _TYPF_
74
*Coxiella burnetii, Anthrax, Mycobacterium bovis, Campylobacter, Crypotosporidium, and Brucella* are all zoonotic diseases that humans can get from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
FOOD ANIMALS CCCBAM
75
T/F: Mycobacterium is a zoonoses that humans can get from fish
TRUE
76
Systematic continuous observation of populations and collection and analysis of data from varied sources for rapid detection and timely response to important health events
Surveillance
77
What is the purpose of surveillance?
Rapid detection of disease outbreaks Support dz control and eradication Assess population health and safety of food Produce info about the disease Evaluate dz control and biosecurity programs
78
Detection, Response, Communication, and Information Production are the 4 components of what?
Surveillance
79
The type of surveillance that is initiated by the sample provider
Passive surveillance
80
Which is the most common type of surveillance?
PASSIVE surveillance
81
Reportable disease programs Sero-surveys at auction markets and Diagnostic lab submission are all examples of which type of surveillance?
PASSIVE because it is **reporting at the discretion of the owner**
82
Involved and committed effort of the veterinarian or health authority to ID subjects for data or samples
ACTIVE surveillance
83
Which types of surveillance are capable of early detection of emerging diseases?
Passive and Sentinel
84
Chickens are sentinels for human risk of
EEEV and WEEV
85
Which type of surveillance is capable of making a valid estimate of the amount and importance of a disease in the population?
ACTIVE surveillance
86
Only taking samples from downer cattle for BSE testing, is what type of surveillance?
Targeted surveillance
87
A dairy farm has an outbreak of Bovine TB in its facility. Can you get sick from drinking the pasteurized milk?
NO! Milk is safe, but meat is not
88
A surveillance system that lists human diseases that are reportable at the national level and is a collaboration of the CSTE and CDC?
NNDSS National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System
89
CSTE stands for?
Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists
90
Reports data every week that is sent in by state health departments
MMWR Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report
91
The CDC program that tracks evolving health problems by collecting many types of data like from emergency rooms, and pharmaceutical sales? It is real time and web based
BioSense
92
The active surveillance network for foodborne disease in the US and is part of the CDCs Emerging Infections Program (EIP)
FoodNet
93
This system, created by the USDA APHIS collects, analyzes, and disseminates data across the US about animal health, management and productivity and collects data using BOTH PASSIVE AND ACTIVE SURVEILLANCE
NAHMS National Animal Health Monitoring System
94
Maintaining a healthy population by preventing disease occurrence is _____ prevention
_primary_
95
Control is similar to ______ prevention
_secondary_
96
Attempts to minimize damage after a disease has occurred is _____ prevention
_secondary_
97
Mastitis control program is an example of \_\_\_\_\_ prevention
_tertiary_ rehabilitation after primary and secondary preventions have failed
98
Test and slaughter programs and stamping out are examples of ____ prevention
_secondary_
99
Vaccinations, meat inspection, and border security are examples of ____ prevention
_primary_
100
A disease agent that has been completely removed from an area of concern has undergone \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ eradication
_total_
101
Elimination of a disease organism from the reservoirs of importance to humans and their domestic animals
Practical eradication
102
An example of a disease that has undergone Practical Eradication is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and it is still present in raccoons, skunks, bats, and foxes
Canine Rabies
103
\_\_\_\_\_ have latent periods followed by infectious periods while \_\_\_\_\_\_ have incubation periods followed by symptomatic periods
_INFECTIONS_: latent--\>infectious _DISEASES_: incubation--\>symptomatic
104
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ renders infected individuals as non-shedders
Vaccination
105
National litigation concerned with prevention, detection, control, and eradication of diseases and pests of animals
Animal Health Act
106
What 3 organizations are responsible for animal health litigation internationally?
WTO (World Trade Organization SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement) OIE (World Animal Health Organization)
107
Which agency's mission is to protect the health and value of American agriculture and natural resources and who's responsible for developing science-based standards in animal health
USDA APHIS
108
Where is the USDA APHIS FOREIGN Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab?
Plum Island
109
This agency sets standards for the national surveillance program and administer the NAHMS (national animal health monitoring system)
CEAH Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health (Fort Collins, CO)