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Infection > Zoonosis > Flashcards

Zoonosis Flashcards

1
Q

what is zoonosis

A

Infectious diseases transmitted naturally between humans and animals wild or domestic​

Enzoonotic in animal reservoirs and transmit to humans with little onward spread- trypanasomiasis, rabies​

Originally zoonotic now established human-to-human transmission with no/little ongoing zoonotic transmission - HIV​
Both typically causes stably endemic disease with localised outbreaks​
Efficient person-to-person spread once transmitted from reservoir - local or global outbreaks - SARS / SARS-CoV-2 / EVD / Pandemic influenza​

Typically cause rapidly spreading sizeable outbreaks

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2
Q

what are mechanisms of transmission for zoonotic diseases?

A
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3
Q

what bacteria, viruses, parasites can be spread zoonotically?

A
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4
Q

what are common UK zoonosis?

A

Salmonella
Campylobacter
Toxoplasma
(Psittacosis – Chlamydophila psittaci)
(Q-fever - Coxiella Burnetti)
Ringworm/dermatophytosis

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5
Q

what are uncommon UK zoonosis?

A

Anthrax
Rabies
Bubonic plague
Tularaemia
Acute brucellosis

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6
Q

what are not zoonosis?

A

Malaria
Schistosomiasis (Snail fever)
Oncoceriasis (River Blindness)
Elephantiasis (Lymphatic Filariasis)

Because even though transmitted from animals, they depend on the human host for part of their life-cycle

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7
Q

what is anthroponosis?

A

Reverse zoonoses’ in that humans are infecting animals

Examples are:
Influenza (virus affecting birds, pigs)
‘Strep throat’ (bacteria affecting dogs)
Leishmaniasis (parasite affecting dogs e.g.)
Chytridiomycosis (fungus affecting amphibians)

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8
Q

give examples of anthroponosis?

A

Influenza (virus affecting birds, pigs)
‘Strep throat’ (bacteria affecting dogs)
Leishmaniasis (parasite affecting dogs e.g.)
Chytridiomycosis (fungus affecting amphibians)

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9
Q

what impact does food security have on zoonoses?

A

Increasing global meat consumption and production ​
Global intensification of livestock production​
Substandard animal welfare​
Inadequate disease surveillance​
Increasing consumption of bushmeat​
Improper preparation or slaughter - echinococcus, cysticercosis​
Many enzoonotic foodbourne pathogens: bovine TB, brucellosis, salmonellosis​
Incomplete understanding of pathogen lifecycles

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10
Q

what is one health?

A

Initial adoption by several global bodies in 1984 with slow implementation​
Cross-sectional approach integrating animal-human health​
Wide recognition of interaction between the two but little cross sectoral communication​
Combining Dx and Mx with disease control and surveillance programs in animals

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11
Q

what is Lyme disease?

A

clustering of childhood arthritis in Old Lyme, Connecticut, USA in 1977

Burgdorfer found cause in 1982 – hence Borrelia burgdorferi

Spirochaete found in wild deer

Transmitted by tick, Ixodes ricinus

Commonest in summer months

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12
Q

what is the Lyme vector?

A

Ixodes genus
I. ricinus (Europe)
I. scapularis /pacificus (North America)
I. persulcatus (Asia)

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13
Q
A
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13
Q

what clinically presents in advanced cases of Lyme’s disease?

A

erythema migrans

80-90% of cases

Clinical diagnosis

3-90 days after the bite
(7-30)

Single or multiple lesions

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13
Q

what are early and late symptoms of Lyme disease?

A
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13
Q

what do 15% of Lyme disease patients develop?

A

App 15% of patients develop NEUROBORRELIOSIS
Triad of facial nerve palsy, radicular pain & lymphocytic meningitis
Radicular pain (70-85%), migratory, worse at night
Cranial neuropathy (app 50%) – facial palsy
Onset of symptoms 2-6 (1-12) weeks after bite
Preceded by EM in 30-50%

14
Q

what is the treatment for Lyme disease?

A

Doxycycline
Amoxicillin

15
Q

what is the treatment for Neuro Lyme?

A

Ceftriaxone

16
Q

what is leptospirosis?

A

spirochete - L. icterohaemorrhagica, L. hardjo

One of the most widespread Zoonosis

Many reservoir host

Survive in the environment for weeks to months

Penetrate abraded skin or mucous membranes and cause systemic illness

17
Q

what are symptoms of leptospirosis?

A

Undifferented fever; myalgia, headaches & abdominal pain

Severe disease in 5-15%
Weil’s disease (Triad of jaundice, AKI, bleeding)
Pulmonary haemorrhage (PH)
Case fatality 5-40%, >50% in PH

18
Q

how does leptospirosis come into contact with humans?

A

Humans are incidental hosts
Direct contact with the animal
Contact with environment (water) contaminated with their urine
Incubation 2-30 days (10-14)

19
Q

what investigations are done for leptospirosis?

A

Clinical high suspicion
Serology – IgM & IgG
Microscopic Agglutination Test

20
Q

what is the treatment for leptospirosis?

A

Doxycycline
Amoxicillin or Azithromycin as second line
Severe disease - Ceftriaxone

21
Q

what is rabies?

A

Viral Infection (lyssavirus) transmitted from the bite of an infected animal
Wide range of wild animal transmitters:
Dogs (97%), bats
Also monkeys, foxes, racoons, skunks, wolves, cats

Incubation
Typically 1-3 months
May be years

22
Q

describe the pathogenesis of rabies?

A
23
Q

what are symptoms of rabies?

A
24
Q

what investigations are done for rabies?

A

PCR of skin biopsy, saliva
Often post mortem confirmation – brain biopsy

25
Q

what treatment is given for rabies?

A

Nil effective
Milwaukee protocol

26
Q

what should be done following exposure to rabies

A

Fully immunised: 2 doses day 0; day 3-7
Not immunised & immunocompetent: HRIG + 4 doses: 0, 3,7,21
Not immunised and immunocompromised: HRIG + 5 does: 0,3,7,14,30

27
Q

what is ebola?

A

Filovirus
West and central Africa
5 species
Zaire ebolavirus
Bundibugyo
Tai Forrest
Sudan
Reston
Numerous outbreaks since 1976
2014-2016
Multiple countries
28646 cases
11323 deaths

28
Q

what is the incubation period for ebola?

A

2-21 days
Average: 8 -10 days

29
Q

what are the symptoms of ebola?

A
30
Q

what investigations are done for ebola?

A

PCR
Serology – IgM & IgG

31
Q

what is the treatment for ebola?

A

INMAZEB – 3 monoclonal antibodies
EBANGA – 1 monoclonal antibody

32
Q

what vaccinations are given against ebola?

A

Ervebo – 1 dose, used during an outbreak
Zabdeno & Mvabea – 2 doses (1 of each)

Infection (14 decks)

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