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Infection > Zoonoses > Flashcards

Zoonoses Flashcards

1
Q

What are zoonoses?

A

Infections that pass between living animals and humans

source of disease is from the animal

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2
Q

Why are the following NOT considered zoonoses?

  • Malaria
  • Schistosomiasis
  • Oncoceriasis (river blindness)
  • Elephantiasis (lymphatic filariasis)
A

Because they depend on the human host for part of their life cycle

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3
Q

What are Anthroponosis?

A

‘reverse zoonoses’ in that humans transfer a disease to animals

Examples:
Influenza
Strep throat
Leishmaniasis
Chytridiomycosis
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4
Q

What type of pathogen can zoonoses be?

A

Virus, bacteria, parasites or fungi

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5
Q

What examples of bacterial zoonoses are there?

A 
Salmonella
Campylobacter
Shigella
Anthrax
Brucella
E Coli
Leptospirosis
Plague
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6
Q

What examples of viral zoonoses are there?

A 
Rabies
Avian influenza
Ebola virus disease
West Nile Fever
Yellow fever
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7
Q

What examples of parasitic zoonoses are there?

A

Toxoplasmosis
Visceral larva migrans
Echinococcosis

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8
Q

What examples of fungi zoonoses are there?

A

Dermatophytoses

Sporotrichosis

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9
Q

What examples of other (prions) zoonoses are there?

A

CJD virus

note- creutzfeldt-jakob disease

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10
Q

What zoonoses are common in the UK?

A

Salmonella
Campylobacter
Toxoplasma
Ringworm

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11
Q

What are uncommon zoonoses in the UK?

A

Anthrax
Rabies
Bubonic plague
Acute brucellosis

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12
Q

What is rabies?

A

A viral infection transmitted form the bite of an infected animal e.g. dogs, bats

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13
Q

What are the features of rabies?

incubation + route of infection

A

Incubation period = 2 weeks to several months

Virus travels to the brain via peripheral nerves

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of rabies?

A 
Causes an acute encephalitis, symptoms include:
- malaise, headache, fever
- Mania, lethargy, coma
- over production of saliva
- unable to swallow
Death by respiratory failure
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15
Q

How do you diagnose rabies?

A

PCR of saliva or CSF

Note- Often confirmed post mortem on brain biopsy

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16
Q

What is the treatment for rabies?

A

Immediate post-exposure prophylaxis
- human rabies immunoglobulin
Give 4 doses of rabies vaccine over 14 days

Note- always fatal if untreated

17
Q

What is Brucellois?

What is the incubation period?

A

A small, gram negative coccobacilli

It is rare

Incubation period 5-30 days, up to 6 months

18
Q

How are humans infected by Brucellois?

What risks are there?

A

Humans are infected:

  • during milking of infected animals (organisms are excreted in the milk)
  • during parturition
  • handling carcases of infected animals
  • consumption of unpasteurised dairy products

Therefore occupational risks:
Farmers
Vets
Slaughterhouse workers

19
Q

What are the symptoms from Brucellois?

A
  1. Acute: high fever, weakness, sweats, splenomegaly
    (1-3 wks)
  2. Subacute: fever, joint pains
    (> 1 month)
  3. Chronic: flu-like, malaise, depression, chronic arthritis
    (months-years)
  4. Subclinical: most common, 50% of exposed have positive serology
20
Q

What is the treatment for Brucellois?

A

Long acting doxycycline (for 2-3 months)
plus
Rifampicin or IM gentamicin (for 1st week)

21
Q

What is Leptospirosis?

also known as Weil’s disease

A

Thin, highly mobile spirochaetes

Penetrates abraded skin/ mucous membranes

Causes systemic illness

22
Q

What are the symptoms from Leptospirosis?

A

Flu-like symptoms, fever, myalgia, jaundice, renal failure

Severe disease in ~10%

  • pulmonary haemorrhage (>50% fatality)
  • Weil’s disease: jaundice
23
Q

What are the causes for spread of Leptospirosis?

A

Contact with environment (water) contaminated with urine of infected animal
or
from direct contact with the infected animal

24
Q

How is Leptospirosis diagnosed?

A

Think: fever in a cattle farmer, exposure to water or rats

  • ELISA serology- suboptimal
  • PCR
  • Culture- take at least one week on special media
25
Q

How is Leptospirosis treated?

A

Antibiotics:
Doxycycline for mild disease
IV penicillin - severe

early Tx, painkillers

26
Q

What is Lyme Borrelios?

Lyme disease

A

-Spirochaete found in wild deer
-Transmitted by tick
-Commonest in summer months
Bacterial cause= Borrelia burgdorferi

27
Q

What skin condition is seen during Lyme disease?

A

Erythema migrans

Rash occurs 3-90 days after bite
single/ multiple lesions

28
Q

What 2 uncommon skin condition can occur in late stage of Lyme disease?

A

Acrodermatitis Chronica Atroficans (ACA)
=Discolouration occurs on distal limbs

Lymphocytoma = painless nodule

29
Q

What is Neuroborreliosis? (NB)

A

Is a neurological manifestation of Lyme disease

Triad of facial nerve palsy, radicular pain + lymphocytic meningitis

occurs ~15% of patients

30
Q

How do you diagnose Lyme disease?

A

Clinical diagnosis by erythema migrans
or
ACA and lymphocytoma + serology
or
High serology indication from PCR of synovial fluid
or
Neurological symptoms from Neuroborreliosis

31
Q

What is the treatment for Lyme Disease?

A

Oral doxycycline or amoxicillin or IV ceftriaxone

treat for 21 days

Infection (12 decks)

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