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Infection > Immunisation and Prophylaxis > Flashcards

Immunisation and Prophylaxis Flashcards

1
Q

What types of immunity are there?

How is immunity acquired?

A

Active immunity: Production of protective antigen = Immunological memory

Passive immunity: antibodies from another source and hence memory cells are not developed

There is natural and artificially acquired immunity
Natural e.g. host’s response to an infection or from breast milk to a newborn

Artificial e.g. vaccinations

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2
Q

Who groups of people receive immunisations?

A

Childhood
Special patient groups
Occupational e.g. healthcare
Travelers

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3
Q

What types of vaccines are there?

A

Live attenuated
Inactivated (killed)
Detoxified exotoxin
Subunit of micro-organism: recombinant or purified microbial products

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4
Q

What examples of attenuated vaccines are there?

A
  • Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)
  • Varicella-zoster virus
  • Yellow fever
  • Smallpox
  • Typhoid (oral)
  • Polio (oral)
  • Rotavirus (oral)
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5
Q

What examples of inactivated (killed) vaccines are there?

A 
Polio
Hepatitis A
Cholera
Rabies
Japanese encephalitis
Influenza
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6
Q

What examples of subunit vaccines are there?

A 
Pertussis
Haemophilus influenza B
Meningococcus C
Pneumococcus
Anthrax
Hepatitis B
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7
Q

What are detoxified exotoxin vaccines?

A

Toxin treated with formalin to become toxoid

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8
Q

What is the rough childhood vaccine schedule?

A 
2, 3 & 4 months= 6 in 1 vaccine
1 year = MMR
4-5 years = tetanus/diptheria, polio, MMR
10-14 years = BCG
15-18 years= Booster tet/dip, polio

Target= 90-95% coverage
Don’t memorise

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9
Q

What immunisation is there for special patient and occupational groups?

A 
BCG
Influenza
Pneumococcal
Hepatitis B
Varicella-zoster (chickenpox)
Herpes-zoster (shingles)
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10
Q

Who is given the Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine?

A
  • Given to some infants in area of high TB incidence
  • Children are screened at school for TB risk factors + given vaccine if needed
  • Healthcare workers
  • New immigrants from high prevalence countries for TB
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11
Q

What is the influenza vaccine?

A

New vaccine each year as Influenza A + B change antigenic structure (H + N on surface of virus)

Single dose

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12
Q

What are the indications for influenza vaccine?

A
  • Age >65 years
  • Nursing home residents
  • Health care workers
  • Immunosuppression
  • Chronic liver/ renal/ cardiac/ lung disease
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Coeliac disease
  • Pregnant women
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13
Q

What are the 2 pneumococcal vaccines?

A
  • pneumococcal conjugate polysaccharide vaccine= 3 doses in childhood immunisation schedule
  • Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine= only those at high risk of pneumococcal infection, single dose
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14
Q

Who is given the Hepatitis B vaccine?

How often is the vaccine dose?

A

Given at 0, 1 month, 2 months and 1 year

Given to:
health care workers
drug users
MSM
prisoners
Chronic liver/kidney disease
Children at high risk of exposure
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15
Q

Who is the Varicella-zoster (chickenpox) Vaccine given to?

A

Patients with suppressed immune systems e.g. chemo, transplant, immunotherapy
Children if at risk
Healthcare workers

It is a live attenuated virus
2 doses, 4-8 weeks apart

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16
Q

Who is the Herpes-zoster (shingles) Vaccine given to?

A

All elderly patients

17
Q

What instances are there where passive immunisation with immunoglobulins occur?

A

Given disease specific immunoglobulin post-exposure to disease
e.g. hepatitis, rabies, tetanus anti-toxin etc

Some are given human normal immunoglobulin in some autoimmune disorders or immunoglobulin deficiencies

18
Q

What is the risk assessment for travellers?

A 
Health of traveller
Previous immunisation
Area to be visited
Duration of visit
Accommodation
Activities
Remote areas
Recent outbreaks
19
Q

What common immunisations are there for travellers?

A 
Tetanus
Polio
Typhoid
Hep A
Yellow fever
Cholera
20
Q

What prophylaxis is given?

A
  • Chemoprophylaxis against Malaria
  • Post-exposure prophylaxis
  • HIV post-exposure prophylaxis- needle stick, sexual intercourse
  • Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis
21
Q

What is the ABCD for malaria prevention?

A

Awareness of risk: areas of risk
Bite prevention: insect repellent sprays, mosquito coils, nets
Chemoprophylaxis: malarone, doxycycline etc
Diagnosis + treatment

Infection (12 decks)

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