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Infection > Zoonoses > Flashcards

Zoonoses Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of a Zoonoses

A

Infections that are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans

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2
Q

4 diseases that are commonly mistaken for zoonoses

A
  • Malaria
  • Schistosomiasis (snail fever)
  • Oncoceriasis (river blindness)
  • Elephantiasis (lymphatic filariasis)
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3
Q

What is Anthroponosis

A

Reverse of zoonose, in that humans infect animals

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4
Q

4 examples of Anthroponosis

A
  • Influenza (virus affecting birds and pigs)
  • Strep throat (bacteria affecting dogs)
  • Leishmaniasis (parasite affecting dogs)
  • Chytridiomycosis (fungus affecting amphibians)
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5
Q

5 bacterial zoonoses

A
  • Salmonella
  • Campylobacter
  • Anthrax
  • Leptospirosis
  • Brucella
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6
Q

5 viral zoonoses

A
  • Rabies
  • Avian Influenza
  • Ebola Virus
  • West Nile Fever
  • Crimean-congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF)
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7
Q

3 parasitic zoonoses

A
  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Visceral Larva Migrans (toxocara)
  • Cysticercosis
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8
Q

2 fungal zoonoses

A
  • Dermatophytoses

- Sporotrichosis

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9
Q

4 common zoonoses in the UK

A
  • Salmonella
  • Campylobacter
  • Toxoplasma
  • Ringworm/dermatophytosis
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10
Q

4 uncommon zoonoses in the UK

A
  • Anthrax
  • Rabies
  • Bubonic Plague
  • Acute Brucellosis
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11
Q

What virus causes Rabies and how it transmitted

A
  • Lyssavirus

- Bite from infected animal (97% from dogs)

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12
Q

Incubation period of Rabies

A

2wks to several months

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13
Q

What does Rabies to the body

A
  • Travels to brain via peripheral nerves
  • Causes an acute Encephalitis
    Malaise, headache & fever
    Progressing to mania, lethargy & coma
    Over production of saliva & tears
    Unable to swallow & hydrophobia
    Death by Respiratory fever
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14
Q

How to diagnose Rabies

A
  • PCR of saliva or CSF
  • Often confirmed post mortem on brain biopsy

Diagnosis is difficult

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15
Q

Management of Rabies

A
  • Immediately after bite give post-exposure prophylaxis
    Human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG)
    Infiltrated round the bite (if possible)
    +4 doses of rabies vaccine over 14 days
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16
Q

What is Brucellosis

A
  • Occupational hazard of farmers, vets and slaughter house workers
  • Organisms are excreted in milk, placenta and aborted foetus
  • Acute brucellosis may begin with mild flu-like symptoms or symptoms such as:
    Fever
    Abdominal pain
    Back pain
    Chills
    Excessive sweating
    Fatigue
17
Q

If you suspect Brucellosis what must you do to prevent spread

A

Inform the laboratory of your suspicion as there’s a risk of spread in the lab.

18
Q

How is Brucella categorised

A

Small, gram negative coccobacilli

19
Q

Incubation of Brucella

A

5-30 days (up to 6 months)

20
Q

4 stages of symptoms

A
  • Acute (now very rare in Scotland)
  • Subacute
  • Chronic
  • Subclinical (commonest)
21
Q

Describe the Acute presentation of Brucellosis

A
  • Last 1-3 weeks
  • High, undulant, fever
  • Weakness, headaches
  • Drenching sweats
  • Splenomegaly
22
Q

Describe the subacute presentation of Brucellosis

A
  • Lasts over 1 month

- Fever and joint pains (knee, hip, back SI joints)

23
Q

Describe the chronic presentation of Brucellosis

A
  • Lasts for months or years
  • Flu-like symptoms
  • Malaise
  • Depression
  • Chronic arthritis
  • Endocarditis
  • Splenomegaly
24
Q

Describe the subclinical presentation of Brucellosis

A
  • Most common form

- 50% of exposed have positive serology

25
Q

Treatment for Brucellosis

A
  • Long acting Doxycycline for 2-3 months
  • Rifampicin or Intramuscular Gentamycin for first week(s)
  • Add Cotrimoxazole for 2 weeks in CNS disease
26
Q

Symptoms of Leptospirosis

A

Flu like symptoms, then jaundice and renal failure

27
Q

Treatment for Leptospirosis

A

Penicillin ASAP

28
Q

What is Toxoplasmosis

A
  • Caused by Toxoplasma Gondii
  • Usually asymptomatic
  • Can get flu-like symptoms, such as:
    high temperature (fever)
    aching muscles
    tiredness
    feeling sick
    sore throat
    swollen glands
  • Pneumonia
  • Symptoms normally resolve on their own within ~6 weeks
29
Q

Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis

A
  • IgM antibodies, indicates acute infection

- Toxoplasma dye test, +ve within 1 month and remains +ve for the rest of your life.

30
Q

Treatment for Toxoplasmosis

A
  • Most don’t require treatment
  • Sulphonamide and Pyrimethamine
  • Occasionally Tetracycline

Infection (12 decks)

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