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Zoonoses Flashcards

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1
Q

What are zoonoses?

A

Infections that can pass between living animals and humans

Source of the disease is from the animal

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2
Q

What is the WHO definition of zoonoses?

A

Infections that are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans

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3
Q

Give examples of infections transmitted by animals but which are not zoonoses, why are these not zoonoses?

A

Malaria
Schistosomiasis
Oncoceriasis
Elephantitis

Even though these are transmitted from animals, they depend on the human host for part of their life cycle

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4
Q

What is anthroponosis?

A

‘reverse zoonosis’ - infections in humans that can infect animals

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5
Q

Give examples of anthoponoses

A

Influenza
Strep throat
Leishmaniasis
Chytridiomycosis

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6
Q

What percentage of the 1415 pathogens currently known to affect humans are zoonotic?

A

61%

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7
Q

Pathogen types which can cause zoonoses

A

Viruses
Bacteria
Parasites
Fungi

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8
Q

Examples of bacterial zoonoses

A 
Salmonella 
Campylobacter 
Shigella 
Anthrax 
Brucella 
E. coli 
Leptospirosis 
Plague 
Psittacosis 
Q fever 
Tularaemia
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9
Q

Examples of viral zoonoses

A 
Rabies 
Avian influenza 
Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic fever 
Ebola virus disease 
Lassa fever 
Rift valley fever 
West Nile fever 
Yellow fever
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10
Q

Examples of parasitic zoonoses

A 
Cysticercosis 
Echinococcosis 
Toxoplasmosis 
Trichinellosis 
Visceral larva migrans
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11
Q

Examples of fungal zoonoses

A

Dermatophytoses

Sporotrichosis

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12
Q

Examples of prion zoonoses

A

BSE

CJD V

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13
Q

Common zoonoses in the UK

A 
Salmonella 
Campylobacter 
Toxoplasma 
Psittacosis 
Q fever 
Ringworm
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14
Q

Uncommon zoonoses in the UK

A 
Anthrax 
Rabies 
Bubonic plague 
Tularaemia 
Acute brucellosis
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15
Q

What is an emerging zoonosis?

A

A zoonosis that is newly recognised or newly evolved, or one that had occurred previously but shows an increase in incidence or expansion in geographical, host or vector range

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16
Q

Examples of emerging zoonoses

A 
Avian influenza 
Nipah virus 
Rabies 
Brucellosis 
Monkeypox
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17
Q

How is rabies transmitted?

A

Lyssavirus transmitted from the bite of an infected animal, most commonly dogs (97%) and bats, although there is a wide range of animal transmitters

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18
Q

Deaths caused per year by rabies

A

Approximately 55,000

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19
Q

Incubation period of rabies in humans

A

Ranges from 2 weeks to several months

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20
Q

How does the rabies virus work?

A

Travels to the brain via peripheral nerves and causes acute encephalitis

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21
Q

Clinical features of rabies

A 
Malaise, headache, fever 
Progression to mania, lethargy and coma 
Over-production of saliva and tears 
Inability to swallow 
Hydrophobia 
Death due to respiratory failure
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22
Q

What post-exposure prophylaxis should be given immediately after a bite from an animal with rabies?

A

Human rabies immunoglobulin
Infiltrated around the bite if possible
4 doses of rabies vaccine over 14 days

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23
Q

How are humans infected by brucellosis?

A

During milking infected animals
During parturition
Handling carcasses of infected animals
Consumption of unpasteurised dairy products

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24
Q

What species of brucella is the most virulent in humans?

25
Clinical features of brucellosis
Incubation period of 5-30 days | Can be acute, subacute, chronic or subclinical
26
Acute presentation of brucellosis
``` Lasts 1-3 weeks High undulant fever Weakness Headaches Drenching sweats Splenomegaly ```
27
Subacute presentation of brucellosis
Lasts over 1 month Fever Joint pains
28
Chronic presentation of brucellosis
``` Lasts months or years Flu-like symptoms Malaise Depression Chronic arthritis Endocarditis Epididymo-orchitis Meningism, splenomegaly rarely ```
29
Subclinical presentation of brucellosis
Most common form | 50% of exposed will have positive serology
30
Treatment of brucellosis
Long acting doxycycline for 2-3 months Rifampicin or IM gentamicin for the first week Add co-trimoxazole for 2 weeks in CNS disease
31
Causative organism of leptospirosis
``` L. Icterohaemorrhagica (rats) L. Hardjo (cattle) L. Canicola (dogs) L. Pomona (pigs) L. Australis (hedgehogs) L. Grippotyphosa (voles) ```
32
Presentation of leptospirosis
Flu like symptoms followed by jaundice and renal failure
33
What is the commonest causative organism of leptospirosis?
L. Hardjo
34
Treatment of leptospirosis
Penicillin as early as possible
35
What leptospirosis infection is usually benign and self-limiting?
L. Hardjo
36
Cause of toxoplasmosis
Intracellular protozoan parasite - toxoplasma gondii
37
Main source of toxoplasmosis
Cats | 30-80% of domestic adult cats show evidence of past exposure
38
How do humans acquire toxoplasmosis infection?
From oocysts in cat faeces or from trophozoites in undercooked meats
39
Clinical features of acute form of toxoplasmosis infection
Pneumonia Fever Cough Rash
40
Clinical features of chronic form of toxoplasmosis infection
Lymphadenopathy Lymphocytosis Atypical mononuclear cells on blood film Chorio-retinitis and uveitis
41
Clinical features of congenital form of toxoplasmosis infection
``` Hydrocephalus Micro-ophthalmos Microcephaly Convulsions Calcification in brain on x-ray Usually fatal ```
42
Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis infection
Serological Toxoplasma dye test, positive within 1 month of infection and remains positive for life IgM antibodies - indicate acute infection
43
Treatment of toxoplasmosis infection
Most will not require treatment Sulphonamide and pyrimethamine Folate antagonists Occasionally tetracycline
44
How is Lyme disease transmitted?
By ticks - ixodes recinus
45
Species of ixodes genus responsible for Lyme disease
I. ricinus I. scapularis/pacificus I. persulcatus
46
Pathogen responsible for Lyme disease
Borrelia Burgdorferi
47
In what percentage of cases of Lyme disease doe erythema migrans occur?
80-90% of cases 7-30 days after the bite
48
What patients are most affected by acrodermatitis chronica atroficans as a result of Lyme disease?
Elderly
49
What patients are most affected by lymphocytoma as a result of Lyme disease?
Children
50
How does acrodermatitis chronica atroficans present?
Bluish-red discolouration of the extensor surfaces of the distal extremities, progression over months to years Peripheral neuropathy common
51
How does lymphocytoma present?
Bluish, solitary, painless nodules on earlobe or areola
52
What percentage of patients with Lyme disease will develop neuroborreliosis?
approximately 15%
53
How does neuroborreliosis present?
Triad of facial nerve palsy, radicular pain and lymphocytic meningitis Onset of symptoms 2-6 weeks (can range from 1-12 weeks) after the bite Preceded by erythema migrans in 30-50%
54
Conditions more common in individuals with Lyme Borreliosis
Cardiac disorders Carditis Heart block Arthritis
55
How are erythema migrans, acrodermatitis chronica atroficans, lymphocytoma and arthritis diagnosed?
EM - clinical, no labs ACA and lymphocytoma - clinical and high serology titres Arthritis - very high serology titres from synovial fluid
56
Clinical and laboratory findings in Lyme disease
Neuro symptoms consistent with neuroborreliosis CSF pleocytosis, often lymphocytic Blood and intrathecal Bb-specific antibody production
57
Management of erythema migrans
Doxycycline, amoxicillin or cefuroxime axetil recommended for two weeks
58
Management of acrodermatitis chronica atroficans
PcV 2g TDS or doxycycline 200mg OD for 3 weeks
59
Management of Lyme neuroborreliosis
Doxycycline 200mg OD-BD 10-14 days or Ceftriaxone 2g OD for 14 days

Infection (14 decks)

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