Zoonoses Flashcards
What are the reservoir animals + route of transmission of Campylobacter?
Usually Poultry + Cattle
Transmission through contraminated food (chicken breast)
What is the presentation + investigation for campylobacter?
What is the management?
Diarrhoea, Bloating + Cramps
Diagnosed with stool cultures
Managed with supportive treatment
What are the reservoir animals + route of transmission of Salmonella?
Poultry
Reptiles/ Amphibians
Transmission
- contaminated food
-poor hand hygiene
What is the management of Salmnonella infection?
Supportive
Ciprofloxacin
Azytrhomycin
What are the reservoir animals + route of transmission of Bartonella hensalae?
Cats (Kittens >Cats)
Transmission via
- scratches, bites, licks of open wounds
- fleas
What two diseases does Bartonella henselae cause?
Cat Scratch Disease
Bacillary angiomatosis
What is the presentation of cat scratch disease?
Which pathogen causes it?
Macule at site of innoculation
becomes pustular
regular adenopathy
systemic symptoms (fever, malaise)
Bartonella henselae - gram -ve aerobus bacillus
How would you diagnose cat scratch disease?
What is the managemnet?
Diagnosis via serology
Managed with Erythromycin/ Doxycycline (although usually is self-limiting)
What is bacilliary angiomatosis?
Disease caused in immunocompromised patients by bartonella henselae (cats)
Produces skin papules + disseminated multi-organ and vascular involvement
How is bacilliary angiomatosis diagnosed and managed?
Histopathology
Serology
Erythromycin or doxycycline
PLUS rifampicin
What are the reservoir animals + route of transmission of toxoplasmosis?
Cats and Sheep
Transmission via infected meat or faecal contamination
What is the clinical presentation of toxoplasmosis?
In pregnancy for foetus
- still-birth
- progressive visual, hearing, motor and cognitive issues
- seizures
- neuropathies
Mother
- fever
- adenopathy
How is toxoplasmosis investigated? How is it clinically managed?
Serology
Management
- Spiramycin
- Pyrimethamine + Sulfadiazine
What are the reservoir animals + route of transmission of Brucelliosis?
Cattle + Goats
Trasmission
- Unpastuerised mik
- undercooked meat (food)
- Mucosal splash
- aerosolisation/inhalation (direct contact)
How does brucelliosis usually present?
undulant fever (peaks in evening),
myalgia,
arthritis,
epididymo-orchitis
spinal tenderness,
Focal abscess formation, e.g.
- psoas
- hepatosplenomegaly (liver etc)
What investigations would you do in someone with susptected brucelliosis?
Blood/pus cultures of abscesses
Serology: anti-O-polysaccharide antibody. WCC usually normal / neutropenia
What is the management of Brucelliosis?
4-6wks doxycycline + streptomycin
(Doxycyline + Gentamycin OR Rifampicin)
What are complications of Brucelliosis?
endocarditis
osteomyelitis
meningoencephalitis
What pathogen is Q fever trasmitted by?
Coxiella burnetii
What are the reservoir animals + route of transmission of Q-fever?
Goats, Sheep, Cattle
Trasmission
aerosilatation/inhalation of secretions, waste or mild of infected animals (open barns)
unpasteurised milk
What is the clinical presentation of Q-fever?
atypical pneumonia (dry cough, fever), no rash
- fever, flu-like illness
- endocardidits, hepatitis, focal abscesses
How would you investigate and manage Q fever?
Q Fever= transmitted by coxiella brunetti
Investigation: Serology
Management: Doxycycline (+/- Hydroxycloroquine)
What are the reservoir animals + route of transmission of Rabies?
Common but most common
* dogs, cats, bats
transmission:
* bites
* scratches
* contact with infected fluids
What is the clinical presentation of rabies?
a. Prodrome – fever, headache, sore throat
b. Acute encephalitis (hyperactive state) (with hydrophobia)
c. Migration to CNS (after months – yrs)→fatal encephalitis, hypersalivation,
hydrophobia
How is Rabies diagnosed?
Serology (IgM)
brain biopsy (Negri bodies)
How is Rabies managed?
Once symptomatic almost always fatal
If close after bite/contact: post-exposure prophylaxis with
1. Vaccine (Full vaccination course)
2. Immunoglobulin (IgG)
What pathogen causes rabies?
Lyssa Viruses (differen viruses)
What are the reservoir animals + route of transmission of Rat Bite fever?
Rat
Bites
Contact with infected urine or droppings
What pathogen(s) cause rat bite fever?
Streptobacillus moniliformis or
Spirillum minus
What is the clinical presentation of Rat Bite fever?
Fever, rigors
Polyarthralgia
Maculopapular (–> purpuric) rash
Can progress to endocardiits
How is rat-bite fever diagnosed and managed?
Joint fluid microscopy + culture
Blood culture
Management
Penicillins
What are the reservoir animals + route of transmission of Hantavirus Pulmonary syndrome?
Can be caused by many different viruses and hosts - usually some mice/rodens as reservoirs
Transmission via
- contact with infected urine/droppings
- - aerosolisation
What is the presenation of Hantavirus Pulmonary syndrome?
Prodrome: 2-7 days similar to viral haemorrhagic fevers (fever, myalgia)
Then
- pulmoanry infliltration potentially causein flu-like illness (dry cough etc.) with respiratory failure
Can progress to
- bleeding
- renal failure
What viruses can cause Viral Haemorrhagic fever?
Different viruses incl.
ebola
Marburg
Lassa
CCHF (Congo-Crimean Hemorrhagic fever)
What is the presentation of Viral haemorrhagic fevers?
Usually flulike prodome, that can progress into multi-system haemorrhage
What investigations would you request in a patient with potential zoonosis?
Cultures
- blood, Pus, CSF, stool
Serology - targeted or history guided
PCR
What pathogen(s) causes lyme disease?
Borrelia burgdoferi (spirochaete)
(B. burgdorferi in the US, predominantly B. afzelii and B. garinii in Asia and Europe)
What is the clinical presenation of patients with lyme disease?
Early:
1. Erythema migrnas (Target lesion) (warm, non-tender but canbe puritic) - self limiting 3-4 weeks)
Late/persistent: focal neurology, neuropsychiatric, arthritis (only in US)
FACE
Facial nerve palsy
Arthritis
Cardiits
Erythema Migrans
How would you treat Lyme disease?
Doxycycline 2-3wks, (also amoxicillin, cephalosporins)
o If CNS involvement: IVceftriaxone 2-4wks
