Zoonoses 1 - Bacillus, Brucella, Francisella Flashcards by Chris Rodarte

Bacillus organism appearance

G+ rods

Chains, palisades, clumps

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Bacillus metabolic features

Sporulation
Aerobic (some have butanediol or lactate fermentation)
Found in soil or on leaves

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B. cereus causes ____

acute food poisoning

*NOT a zoonosis

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B. cereus organism appearance (microscopic and on plate)

“Subterminal” spores

Large, flat, rough colonies on agar

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Two varieties of B. cereus

Emetic = like staph, acute onet, nausea + cramps. 12 hour recovery
Diarrheal = slow onset, profuse diarrhea, no vomit.

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B. cereus source

Cooked rice and pasta that has been cooled too slowly

*spores germinate and produce toxin

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B. cereus toxins

emetic toxin

K+ ionophore

3 enterotoxins

Hemolytic

Non-hemolytic

Cytotoxin

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Bacillus zoonotic organism

B. anthracis

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B. anthracis organism appearance (microscopic and on plate)

Central spores

Cut glass appearance on blood agar

NO hemolysis

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B. anthracis contains a _______ capsule.

What stains for this?

poly-D-glutamate

*M’Fadyean’s stain

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B. anthracis presents as _____–> _______

Then it becomes ______

It is able to _________

Papule —> eschar

systemic (disseminates)

_infect any organ _

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B. anthracis spores are viable in ____ for ______

soil for >50 years

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Human infection of B. anthracis comes from _____ or ______

handling infected animal materials (spores coming in contact with mucous membranes)

Enters through abrasions

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Spore life cycle of B. anthracis

Enter MQ
Germinate within phagolysosome when exposed to Oxygen radicals

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B. anthracis toxin

Tripartite AB-type toxin

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Three parts of B. anthracis toxin

B part = Protective antigen = binds and facilitates entry

A parts:

Lethal Factor = MAPK protease (causes the necrosis)

Edema Factor = Calmodulin-dependent adenyl cyclase (makes cAMP, causes secretion of water into tissues)

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B. anthracis toxin is carried on _____

The capsule is carried on ______

pX01

pX02

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Both virulence factors of B. anthracis (toxin and capsid) are ______

Which one is necessary for full virulence?

plasma-encoded

need both for full virulence

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B. anthracis antibiotics

Penicillin (Cutanteous)

Doxy

Ciprofloxacin

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B. anthracis vaccines

Live = from pX02-cured strain

PA Toxoid vaccine for military

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B. anthracis preventive measures for stockmen?

Livestock vaccination and protective clothing

Passive immunity for B. anthracis possible?

Yes, new trials of anthrax immunoglobulin

Brucella organism

gram negative aerobic coccobacillus

Brucella growth, motility, and metabolism/location

slow growth

nonmotile

Facultative intracellular parasite

Brucella lives inside

**MQ** and **PMN** (associated with granulomas)

Brucella species

melitensis abortus suis canis

Brucella incubation

1-6 weeks | (can be months)

Brucella clinical features (three main ones, then a few others)

* undulant fever * granuloma * long term debility (also general weakness, psychoneuroses, malaise)

Brucella causes ____ in cattle. How does this happen?

abortions * bacteria bind to **erythritol** on testes or placenta * forms **foci that detach microvilli**

Brucella in ungulates

Bang's disease

Brucella transmited from male ungulates via

semen

Humans acquire Brucella via what three methods

infected milk handling animals **lab accident!!!**

Brucella Dx

blood sample and serology or culture

How does Brucella spread in body?

from portal of entry via lymphatics and bloodstream

Brucella does not form an...

_endotoxin_. Disease is caused by an inflammatory response to bacterial growth

What causes undulant fever in Brucella

due to release from MQ and general host response to increased infectious titer

Brucella control (2)

* pasturized milk * eradication from herds (immunization, segregation, testing and slaughtering of infected animals)

Brucella antibiotics

Doxy + Rifampin +/- streptomycin \*\*\*Limited effectiveness because of intracellular location

Brucella vaccine

NOT in US, because of LPS toxicity Live vaccine in russia

Francisella organism, shape, growth and metabolism

* gram negative coccobacillus * Pleomorphic * slow growth * fastidious requirements (Cysteine)

Francisella incubation

2-6 days

Francisella primary presentation (4 Sx)

* inflamed **ulcerated papule** at infection site * **Fever** * **Toxemia** * **Abcess** (liver, spleen, lungs, lymph nodes)

Francisella reservoirs

Type A = Rabbits Type B = Beaver + Rodents \*type A is more severe..."Rabbit fever"

Francisella human transmission (4)

* **Skinning** infected animals * **Aerosol** inhalation from carcass * **Ticks/Deerflies** * **Laboratory** hazards

Francisella infectious dose?

10 bacteria!

Other Francisella Epidemiological facts

* Weaponized in WW2 * Need P3 comtainment lab to grow it

Francisella pathogenic factors (4)

capsule that resists complement coiling phagocytosis into MQ PAI LPS

Coiling phagocytosis into MQ prevents

oxidative burst

Francisella grows in ___ and \_\_\_

_MQ and PMN_ \*grows to high titer even in epithelial cells

What is a PAI (Francisella)? What does it contain?

pathogenicity island contains: 17 genes, T4SS + effectors (MQ survival)

Francisella control, antibiotics and vaccine

* isolation of lab organisms + careful skinning * Doxy, cipro, gentamycin * Live cell vaccine for military