zoology pt 1

Question 1

what is zoology?

Answer 1

the study of animals

Question 2

there are more species of ____ than any other

Answer 2

fish

Question 3

there are ____ invertebrates than vertebrates

Answer 3

more

Question 4

charles darwin was the father of ________ and lived from ____-____

Answer 4

evolution; 1809-1882

Question 5

darwin went on a voyage from ____-____ on a ship called the ____ _______

Answer 5

1831-1836; HMS beagle

Question 6

what was the journal called that darwin posted of his studies?

Answer 6

journal of researches into the geology and natural history of the various counties visited by the HMS beagle

Question 7

the galapagos finches had different sized ______

Answer 7

beaks

Question 8

woodpecker finches-
large brown finches-
cactus finches-

Answer 8

dig in holes
crack seeds
picks through cactus thorns

Question 9

malthus wrote an essay on _______ ______. geometric progression was _-_____ and arithmetic was _____.

Answer 9

population progression. j-shaped; linear.

Question 10

alfred wallace was a _________. he came up with ideas similar to ______.

Answer 10

naturalist. darwin.

Question 11

what was darwin’s book called? when was it published?

Answer 11

the origin of species; 1859

Question 12

survival of the _______

Answer 12

fittest

Question 13

what is postulate one?

Answer 13

organisms produce in excess for a better chance of survival

Question 14

what is postulate three?

Answer 14

some variants will survive, others will die.

Question 15

what is postulate two?

Answer 15

individuals in society differ from one another

Question 16

what is darwin’s theory?

Answer 16

species will modify to their advantage

Question 17

strong ____ are passed down to allow life

Answer 17

genes

Question 18

what is a population

Answer 18

number of a certain species in one specific area

Question 19

what is a species?

Answer 19

organisms that can reproduce with organisms like them and have offspring that can also reproduce

Question 20

what is a hybrid?

Answer 20

two similar species who can have offspring (sometimes sterile)

Question 21

what is evolution?

Answer 21

a change over time; starting with one species and ending with another

Question 22

descendants ______ from their ancestors

Answer 22

differ

Question 23

new species _____ from existing ones

Answer 23

arise

Question 24

individuals don’t __________, __________ do

Answer 24

evolve, populations

Question 25

what is natural selection

Answer 25

nature choosing if something lives or dies

Question 26

evolution helps adapt to the _______ _______

Answer 26

present environment

Question 27

what is divergent evolution?

Answer 27

when two species become less alike

Question 28

what is convergent evolution?

Answer 28

species become more alike

Question 29

homolougous structures share a common _______ form. have the same ______, but different _______.

Answer 29

ancestral. function, shape

Question 30

analogous structures have similar ____ and ____, but a different _______

Answer 30

form/function, origin

Question 31

what is speciation?

Answer 31

when two new species emerge from the original

Question 32

what is the gene flow

Answer 32

exchange of genetic material among/within populations

Question 33

what is incipient speciation?

Answer 33

a geographic separation of species

Question 34

what is sympatric speciation and some examples?

Answer 34

it is species within a parent species. examples include aneuploidy and polyploidy.

Question 35

what does aneuploidy result in?

Answer 35

offspring with 2n+1 or 2n-1

Question 36

what does polyploidy mean?

Answer 36

it contains two sets of chromosomes

Question 37

what does not occur in autopolyploidy

Answer 37

cytokinesis

Question 38

what is allopolyploidy?

Answer 38

when gametes of mating species contain a different number of chromosomes

Question 39

define reinforcement

Answer 39

hybrids are less fit than either purebred species

Question 40

define fusion

Answer 40

reproductive barriers weaken until two species become one

Question 41

define stability

Answer 41

fit hybrids continue to be produced

Question 42

prezygotic mechanisms that suppress speciation are: (5)

Answer 42

1. temporal (time of mating) 2. behavioral (animals having different mating calls) 3. habitat isolation (physical barrier) 4. physical (sexual organs are not compatible) 5. gamete incompatibility (sperm and egg dont work together)

Question 43

what is hybrid inviability?

Answer 43

it is a postzygotic mechanism, where either the embryo fails to develop or the offspring is sterile

Question 44

what is a gene?

Answer 44

a coding section of dna

Question 45

what is an allele

Answer 45

a variation of a gene

Question 46

what is a genotype

Answer 46

a set of chromosomes

Question 47

what is the phenotype

Answer 47

the physical appearance

Question 48

hardy and weinberg discovered why ________ exists

Answer 48

variation

Question 49

for species to stay the same, these five things have to occur

Answer 49

1. no mutations/dna changes 2. no gene flow 3. random mating 4. large population size/no inbreeding 5. no natural selection

Question 50

p= q= p+q=

Answer 50

dominant allele frequency recessive allele frequency 1

Question 51

what is the genotypic frequency equation

Answer 51

p^2+2pq+q^2=1

Question 52

what is mutation?

Answer 52

the ultimate source of variation

Question 53

what is gene flow?

Answer 53

individuals moving from one population to another

Question 54

what is nonrandom mating?

Answer 54

individuals having a choice on who to mate with

Question 55

what is assortive mating?

Answer 55

mating between phenotypically similar individuals

Question 56

what is dissasortive mating

Answer 56

when phenotypically different individuals mate

Question 57

natural selection is not __________.

Answer 57

evolution

Question 58

what is artificial selection?

Answer 58

a breeder selects for desired characteristics

Question 59

what is genetic drift?

Answer 59

frequencies of particular alleles that may change by chance alone

Question 60

what is a founder effect?

Answer 60

a population in a new area

Question 61

what is a bottleneck effect?

Answer 61

a possible catastrophe happens and there are few survivors, resulting in a small genotype

Question 62

what is fitness?

Answer 62

how well an organism can reproduce

Question 63

``` what is: disruptive selection directional selection stabilizing selection oscillating selection frequency dependent selection ```

Answer 63

1. favors the extremes, not the median 2. eliminates one extreme 3. eliminates both extremes 4. directional selection multiple times (back and forth) 5. focuses or the common or rare

Question 64

why do males and females look so different?

Answer 64

sexual selection

Question 65

what are systematics

Answer 65

study of evolutionary relationships

Question 66

what is phylogeny

Answer 66

an organisms evolutionary history and it’s relationships

Question 67

phylogeny trees are?

Answer 67

visual depiction of phylogeny

Question 68

what are the three domains

Answer 68

bacteria, arches, and eukarya

Question 69

``` define: branchpoint basal taxon sister taxa polytomy ```

Answer 69

1. where two lineages diverge 2. lineage that evolved early and remains unbranched 3. two lineages stem from the same branch point 4. a beach with more than two lineages

Question 70

what to phylogenies depict?

Answer 70

evolutionary relationships

Question 71

what is taxonomy?

Answer 71

the levels of classification

Question 72

classification in order (9)

Answer 72

``` domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species subspecies ```

Question 73

what is systematics?

Answer 73

the study of evolutionary relationships

Question 74

what is phylogeny?

Answer 74

an single species evolutionary history and relationships

Question 75

what are phylogeny trees?

Answer 75

visual depiction of phylogeny

Question 76

what are the two types of trees?

Answer 76

rooted and unrooted

Question 77

what are the three domains?

Answer 77

bacteria, archea, and eukarya

Question 78

what are the main parts of the trees? (5)

Answer 78

root, branch point, basal taxon, sister taxa, and polytomy.

Question 79

levels of classification in order: (9)

Answer 79

``` domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species subspecies ```

Question 80

what are derived characteristics?

Answer 80

a similarity inherited from the most recent common ancestor of a group

Question 81

what is an ancestor all characteristic?

Answer 81

a similarity that arose prior to the common ancestor of the group

Question 82

what is an example of derived characteristics

Answer 82

hair on mammals

Question 83

what is an example of an ancestral characteristic?

Answer 83

lungs in animals

Question 84

what is a clade?

Answer 84

a species that share a common ancestor

Question 85

what is a monophyletic group

Answer 85

an ancestral species and all of its descendants

Question 86

what is a paraphyletic group!

Answer 86

an ancestral species and SOME of its descendants

Question 87

what is a cladogram?

Answer 87

a hypothetical map showing evolutionary growth

Question 88

what is an example of a characteristic?

Answer 88

DNA