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zoology exam one > zoology pt 1 > Flashcards

zoology pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is zoology?

A

the study of animals

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2
Q

there are more species of ____ than any other

A

fish

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3
Q

there are ____ invertebrates than vertebrates

A

more

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4
Q

charles darwin was the father of ________ and lived from ____-____

A

evolution; 1809-1882

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5
Q

darwin went on a voyage from ____-____ on a ship called the ____ _______

A

1831-1836; HMS beagle

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6
Q

what was the journal called that darwin posted of his studies?

A

journal of researches into the geology and natural history of the various counties visited by the HMS beagle

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7
Q

the galapagos finches had different sized ______

A

beaks

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8
Q

woodpecker finches-
large brown finches-
cactus finches-

A

dig in holes
crack seeds
picks through cactus thorns

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9
Q

malthus wrote an essay on _______ ______. geometric progression was _-_____ and arithmetic was _____.

A

population progression. j-shaped; linear.

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10
Q

alfred wallace was a _________. he came up with ideas similar to ______.

A

naturalist. darwin.

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11
Q

what was darwin’s book called? when was it published?

A

the origin of species; 1859

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12
Q

survival of the _______

A

fittest

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13
Q

what is postulate one?

A

organisms produce in excess for a better chance of survival

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14
Q

what is postulate three?

A

some variants will survive, others will die.

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15
Q

what is postulate two?

A

individuals in society differ from one another

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16
Q

what is darwin’s theory?

A

species will modify to their advantage

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17
Q

strong ____ are passed down to allow life

A

genes

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18
Q

what is a population

A

number of a certain species in one specific area

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19
Q

what is a species?

A

organisms that can reproduce with organisms like them and have offspring that can also reproduce

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20
Q

what is a hybrid?

A

two similar species who can have offspring (sometimes sterile)

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21
Q

what is evolution?

A

a change over time; starting with one species and ending with another

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22
Q

descendants ______ from their ancestors

A

differ

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23
Q

new species _____ from existing ones

A

arise

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24
Q

individuals don’t __________, __________ do

A

evolve, populations

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25
Q

what is natural selection

A

nature choosing if something lives or dies

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26
Q

evolution helps adapt to the _______ _______

A

present environment

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27
Q

what is divergent evolution?

A

when two species become less alike

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28
Q

what is convergent evolution?

A

species become more alike

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29
Q

homolougous structures share a common _______ form. have the same ______, but different _______.

A

ancestral. function, shape

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30
Q

analogous structures have similar ____ and ____, but a different _______

A

form/function, origin

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31
Q

what is speciation?

A

when two new species emerge from the original

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32
Q

what is the gene flow

A

exchange of genetic material among/within populations

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33
Q

what is incipient speciation?

A

a geographic separation of species

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34
Q

what is sympatric speciation and some examples?

A

it is species within a parent species. examples include aneuploidy and polyploidy.

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35
Q

what does aneuploidy result in?

A

offspring with 2n+1 or 2n-1

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36
Q

what does polyploidy mean?

A

it contains two sets of chromosomes

37
Q

what does not occur in autopolyploidy

A

cytokinesis

38
Q

what is allopolyploidy?

A

when gametes of mating species contain a different number of chromosomes

39
Q

define reinforcement

A

hybrids are less fit than either purebred species

40
Q

define fusion

A

reproductive barriers weaken until two species become one

41
Q

define stability

A

fit hybrids continue to be produced

42
Q

prezygotic mechanisms that suppress speciation are: (5)

A
  1. temporal (time of mating)
  2. behavioral (animals having different mating calls)
  3. habitat isolation (physical barrier)
  4. physical (sexual organs are not compatible)
  5. gamete incompatibility (sperm and egg dont work together)
43
Q

what is hybrid inviability?

A

it is a postzygotic mechanism, where either the embryo fails to develop or the offspring is sterile

44
Q

what is a gene?

A

a coding section of dna

45
Q

what is an allele

A

a variation of a gene

46
Q

what is a genotype

A

a set of chromosomes

47
Q

what is the phenotype

A

the physical appearance

48
Q

hardy and weinberg discovered why ________ exists

49
Q

for species to stay the same, these five things have to occur

A
  1. no mutations/dna changes
  2. no gene flow
  3. random mating
  4. large population size/no inbreeding
  5. no natural selection
50
Q

p=
q=
p+q=

A

dominant allele frequency
recessive allele frequency
1

51
Q

what is the genotypic frequency equation

A

p^2+2pq+q^2=1

52
Q

what is mutation?

A

the ultimate source of variation

53
Q

what is gene flow?

A

individuals moving from one population to another

54
Q

what is nonrandom mating?

A

individuals having a choice on who to mate with

55
Q

what is assortive mating?

A

mating between phenotypically similar individuals

56
Q

what is dissasortive mating

A

when phenotypically different individuals mate

57
Q

natural selection is not __________.

58
Q

what is artificial selection?

A

a breeder selects for desired characteristics

59
Q

what is genetic drift?

A

frequencies of particular alleles that may change by chance alone

60
Q

what is a founder effect?

A

a population in a new area

61
Q

what is a bottleneck effect?

A

a possible catastrophe happens and there are few survivors, resulting in a small genotype

62
Q

what is fitness?

A

how well an organism can reproduce

63
Q 
what is: 
disruptive selection
directional selection
stabilizing selection
oscillating selection 
frequency dependent selection
A
  1. favors the extremes, not the median
  2. eliminates one extreme
  3. eliminates both extremes
  4. directional selection multiple times (back and forth)
  5. focuses or the common or rare
64
Q

why do males and females look so different?

A

sexual selection

65
Q

what are systematics

A

study of evolutionary relationships

66
Q

what is phylogeny

A

an organisms evolutionary history and it’s relationships

67
Q

phylogeny trees are?

A

visual depiction of phylogeny

68
Q

what are the three domains

A

bacteria, arches, and eukarya

69
Q 
define:
branchpoint
basal taxon 
sister taxa 
polytomy
A
  1. where two lineages diverge
  2. lineage that evolved early and remains unbranched
  3. two lineages stem from the same branch point
  4. a beach with more than two lineages
70
Q

what to phylogenies depict?

A

evolutionary relationships

71
Q

what is taxonomy?

A

the levels of classification

72
Q

classification in order (9)

A 
domain
kingdom
phylum 
class
order 
family 
genus 
species 
subspecies
73
Q

what is systematics?

A

the study of evolutionary relationships

74
Q

what is phylogeny?

A

an single species evolutionary history and relationships

75
Q

what are phylogeny trees?

A

visual depiction of phylogeny

76
Q

what are the two types of trees?

A

rooted and unrooted

77
Q

what are the three domains?

A

bacteria, archea, and eukarya

78
Q

what are the main parts of the trees? (5)

A

root, branch point, basal taxon, sister taxa, and polytomy.

79
Q

levels of classification in order: (9)

A 
domain
kingdom
phylum 
class
order 
family 
genus 
species
subspecies
80
Q

what are derived characteristics?

A

a similarity inherited from the most recent common ancestor of a group

81
Q

what is an ancestor all characteristic?

A

a similarity that arose prior to the common ancestor of the group

82
Q

what is an example of derived characteristics

A

hair on mammals

83
Q

what is an example of an ancestral characteristic?

A

lungs in animals

84
Q

what is a clade?

A

a species that share a common ancestor

85
Q

what is a monophyletic group

A

an ancestral species and all of its descendants

86
Q

what is a paraphyletic group!

A

an ancestral species and SOME of its descendants

87
Q

what is a cladogram?

A

a hypothetical map showing evolutionary growth

88
Q

what is an example of a characteristic?

zoology exam one (2 decks)

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