exam 2 Flashcards
what are the three domains?
eukarya, bacteria, and archea
what are the kingdoms of the domain eukarya? (4)
animalia, fungi, plante, and protista
how many species in the kingdom animelia are known?
1.5 million
what are the major characteristics of animals? (7)
- animals are consumers
- most animals have tissues
- do not have cell walls
- can physically move locations
- diveristy
- reproduce sexually
- characteristic patterns are followed during embryotic development
what does sexually reproduction allow for?
gene variance
what do hox genes do?
it tells the cells which part of the body they are going to be
what do the clades placozoa and parazoa not contain?
body tissue or body symmetry
where do placozoa and parazoa live?
the water; they are marine animals
true or false: placozoa and parazoa show animal characteristics
true
what does the clade eumetazoa have?
tissue and body symmetry
what are the simplest forms in the animal kingdom?
placozoa, parazoa, and eumetazoa
what are two groups that derive from eumetazoa?
radiata and bilateria
what are the two phylum in radiata?
ctenophora and cnidaria
what are the phyla of bilateria? (3)
acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, and coelmates
how many sides do radiata have?
multiple
what are the layers of tissues called and where are they located?
- endoderm- inner part of the tissue
- mesoderm- middle (if present)
- ectoderm- outermost layer
how many tissue layers do radiata have? which are they?
2, endoderm and ectoderm
what is another name for an animal containing two tissue layers?
diploblast
how many tissue layers do bilateria animals have? what is that called?
3, triploblast
Sponges are __________ and in the clade ________.
asymmetrical; protozoa
is bilateral symmetry more advanced or less advanced than radial symmetry?
More advanced
what does cephalization mean?
Evolution of a brain area. (true head, eyes, ears, and nose)
what do sensory organs allow?
Gives the animal ability to move and do stuff.
why is body segmentation important? (2 reasons)
- it allows the body to have more jobs because it is highly organized and each part has a job.
- it allows for greater mobility because there are legs on each side of the body.
what type of body do acoelomates have?
they have no cavity, just endoderm surrounding the gut
what kind of body do pseudoceolmates have?
they somewhat have a body cavity, with endoderm, pspeudocoein, mesoderm, and ectoderm.
what type of body do eucoelomates have?
they have a true body cavity enclosed within the mesoderm
what are coelomates divided into?
protostomes and deuterostomes
what classes are protostomes broken down into?
ecydsozoa and lophotrophozoa
what does protostome mean, and what is an example of one?
it means that the mouth evolved first; crab.
what does deuterostome mean? what is an example of one?
the anus formed before the mouth. snake.
what is the first recognizable stage in early development?
the 8-cell stage
what is the hollow center in the cell circle called?
blastula
what is the pinched section in the middle forming a gut called?
gastrula
what does protostome division look like?
- spiral cleavage
- cell fate is determinate
- mouth opening develops first
what does deuterostome division look like?
- radial cleavage
- cell fate is indeterminate
- most opening develops after anus opening
what does the phylum Porifera contain?
sponge
what is the difference between larval sponge and adult sponge?
larvae sponges are able to float around before they adhere to submerged objects like adults, who can’t move.
what are the function of the three inner layers of sponges?
- inner layer- specialized cells (choanocytes/collared cells)
- middle layer- gelatinous, protein-rich matrix (mesohyl)
- outer layer- protective epithelial cells`
in the mesohyl (middle layer) spicules or spongin is present. what do these things cause?
spicules are spiky, and cause rigidness, while spongin is very soft and causes it to be squishy
how do sponges get food?
by filtering water from the exterior layer through the space and back out.
what does an asconioid look like? syconoid? leuconoid?
- simplest form, very limited and small
- bigger, less limited, more surface area
- greatest surface area, unlimited, biggest
True or false: sponges only produce sexually.
False, they reproduce both sexually and asexually
how does asexual production in sponges work?
the sponge will die and break into pieces which will grow to create new sponges
how does sexual production in sponges work?
sponges will produce eggs/sperm into the water to float around and combine before the offspring settle down.
which phylum are in the clade radiata?
cnidaria and Ctenophora
describe cnidarians (4)
all marine; tissues but no organs; diploblastic; carnivores
what are the two body forms of cnidarians and what do they look like?
- polyps- cylindrical and sessile (attached to a substrate)
2. medusae- umbrella-shaped and free living
true or false: both polyps and medusae can produce sexually and asexually
false, polyps can do both, but medusae can only produce sexually.
what are the four classes of cnidarians?
Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, cubozoa, anthozoa
describe Hydrozoa (3 things)
can be both fresh marine species
both polyp and medusae form
colonial
describe Scyphozoa (4)
jellyfish, mostly medusa form; marine only; Aurelia; inflict painful stings.
describe anthozoa (6)
important for marine reef ecosystems polyps form only colonial and solitary species secrete calcium carbonate exoskeleton symbiotic relationship
describe cubozoa (3)
mostly medusae
fatal sting
more advanced sensory structures
what is in the phylum Platyhelminthes
flatworms
what are Turbellaria
free-living, parasitic flatworms
what are Trematoda and ceromeramorpha
flukes and tapeworms, repectively
describe Platyhelminthes (3)
incomplete/no digestive tract; possess excretory and nervous systems; move via muscular ciliated epithelial cells.
what systems do Platyhelminthes have?
excretory and osmoregulatory
where is waste excreted in Platyhelminthes
the mouth
flatworms have _______ that help them distinguish between light and dark
eyespots
where do tapeworms live
in animals bodies
what do tapeworms Bodies contain?
a scolex (attachment organ), a neck, and proglottids (repetitive systems)
when was the phylum cydiophora founded? where are they found?
- mouthparts of clawed lobsters
how do cnidaria digest their food
they break down their prey into complex macromolecules
cnidaria use _________ to move nutrients out of the cell
diffusion
what do nematocyst produce?
a toxin to paralyze their prey
which of the four cnidocytes have the most fatal sting?
cubozoa
true or false: turbellia have a primitive brain
true
what are the two types of parasite cycles
direct (only one host) or indirect (2+ hosts)
where is a parasite in its adult stage, and what happens there?
in a definitive host, where sexual reproduction happens.
where is a cell in its larval form and what happens there?
in an intermediate host, and asexual reproduction happens.
what happens in the paratenic host?
its the third host, a transport host, and no reproduction happens.
what is the phylum Rotifera
microscopic, aquatic pseudocoelmates with complex organs
what type of digestive system do Rotifera have
complete ones
do Rotifera have eyespots and a foot?
yes
what does the body of coelomates invertebrates have designed differently?
body fluids are repositioned
they have complex organs and tissues
a larger body size
what does the phylum Mollusca contain
snails, slugs, clams, etc
what are the four recognized classes of Mollusca
- Polyplacophora
- Gastropoda
- bivalvia
- Cephalopoda
what do Mollusca contain
hearts, circulatory systems, and excretory organs
what is a mantle?
epidermal tissue that secretes the shell
what is the radula?
a scraping organ used as a sort of teeth for scraping algae/food
what is nephridia?
excretory structure that removed nitrogenous waste (sort of like a kidney)
true or false: all mollusks have an open circulatory system
false, cephalopods have a closed circulatory system.
what does the class Polyplacophora look like?
an oval with eight dorsal shells that are not segmented
what is the class Gastropoda?
tentacles with eyes
what makes gastropods different
torsion (mantle cavity and anus are moved to the front) and coiling (spiral winding of the shell)
what does the class bivalvia have?
two lateral shells hinged dorsally
how do bivalvia eat?
they are filter feeders, so they pump water with their siphon to Get food.
characteristics of the class cephalopoda (6)
very complex active predators foot evolved into arms with suction cups highly developed nervous system complex level of behavior no internal skeleton
what animals are in the phylum annelida
annelid worms and earth worms
characteristics of annelid worms (5)
segmented marine worms contain septa (internal walls) specialized organs nervous system
earthworm characteristics
contain brain, nerve cords, circulatory system, and hearts
hermaphradidic, segmented, closed circulatory system with diffusion.
what does the class Polychaeta contain
clam worms, tube worms, etc
what does the class clitellata contain
earthworms and leeches
Polychaeta characteristics (5)
marine, colorful, parapodia (side feet that allow them to swim), separate male and female, and able to withstand pressure.
clitella characteristics
no eyes, legs, or head; terrestrial; hermaphroditic (need another to procreate)
leech characteristics
parasitic, segmented and flat, freshwater, cross-fertilize, secretes anticoagulants.
what is in the phylum arthropoda
arthropods
arthropods make up ___ of the animals
2/3s
sub phyla of Arthropoda
chelicerata, miriapoda, crustacea, and insecta
what do arthropods have that the previous phylums don’t?
jointed appendages
what are arthropods exoskeleton made of? what does it limit?
chitin and protein
body size
what type of circulatory systems do arthropods have
open
what type of eyes do most arthropods have?
compound eyes with many lenses
what is the nervous system in arthropods
a double-chained ganglia
the arthropod brain is more of a ________ than a _________.
inhibitor, stimulator
what does the arthropod brain consist of?
trachea and tracheoles, along with spiracles
Which of the following are not members of Phylum Cnidaria?
A. barnacles
B. hydra
C. box jellies
D. medusaebarnacles
Bilateral symmetry allowed for the evolution of
A. antennae
B. external fertilization
C. tentacles
D. specialized tissuesspecialized tissue
Nematocysts are found in which of the following?
A. hydrozoans
B. cestodes
C. sponges
D. crustaceans
E. all of the abovehydrozoan
Small pseudocoelomates found in bird baths and slow moving creeks are A. Rotifers B. Leeches C. Planarians D. Anthozoans
rotifers
Which of the following is not a member of the Phylum Mollusca?
A. Bivalvia
B. Polyplacophora
C. Myriapoda
D. Cephalopoda
E. none of the above (all are Mollusks)
myriapoda
what does ecdysis mean?
molting of the exoskeleton
The phylum characterized by jointed appendages is A. Chordata B. Arthropoda C. Cnidaria D. Nematoda
arthropoda
what is a mantle
a structure associated with secretion of a shell
Which of the following lacks a complete digestive tract? A. Nematoda B. Annelida C. Platyhelminthes D. Arthropoda
platyhelminthes
The corona, or wheel organ, is found in which of the following Phyla? A. Nematoda B. Cnidaria C. Rotifera D. Platyhelminthes E. Porifera
rotifera
Which of the following is not a filter feeder? A. tunicates (sea squirts) B. sponges C. sea anemones D. bivalves E. lancelets
sea anemones
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Porifera?
A. radial cleavage in the blastula
B. filter feeding
C. asexual reproduction
radial cleavage in the blastula
Which of the following animals is considered radially symmetric?
A. sponge
B. box jellyfish
C. tapeworm
box jellyfish
Which of the following members of the Phylum Arthropoda is a crustacean? A. a beetle B. a spider C. a centipede D. a shrimp E. none of the above
shrimp
what are parapoda
fleshy, paddle-like appendages of polychaetes
- Which of the following statements about Nematode worms is false?
A. Some species of nematodes are major plant pathogens.
B. Nematodes are hermaphroditic but must cross-fertilize each other.
C. Nematodes are bilateral pseudocoelmates.
D. Nematodes may have elaborate mouth parts.
Nematodes are hermaphroditic but must cross-fertilize each other.
what is a unique characteristic of arthropods?
jointed appendages
what is the advantage of the leuconoid body in sponges?
increased surface area for filtration
what do flame cells do?
remove nitrogenous wastes
An example of a member of the Class Chelicerata is a
A. centipede
B. sand dollar
C. tick
ticks
what holds earth worms together during reproduction
the clitellum
which phyla have both bilateral symmetry and a true coelomic cavity
arthropoda, annelida, and mollusca
what are two differences between protostomes and deuterostomes
protostomes develop a mouth first and have spiral cleavage; and deuterostomes develop an anus first and have radial cleavage.
if plants are autotrophs, what are animals?
heterotrophs
what sub phyla are millipedes in
miriapoda
what is hydrozoans form of asexual reproduction called
budding
what class are liver flukes in?
trematoda
how many hosts do liver fluke have, and what are they
3: fish, snail, and person
