exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
what are the three domains?
A
eukarya, bacteria, and archea
2
Q
what are the kingdoms of the domain eukarya? (4)
A
animalia, fungi, plante, and protista
3
Q
how many species in the kingdom animelia are known?
A
1.5 million
4
Q
what are the major characteristics of animals? (7)
A
- animals are consumers
- most animals have tissues
- do not have cell walls
- can physically move locations
- diveristy
- reproduce sexually
- characteristic patterns are followed during embryotic development
5
Q
what does sexually reproduction allow for?
A
gene variance
6
Q
what do hox genes do?
A
it tells the cells which part of the body they are going to be
7
Q
what do the clades placozoa and parazoa not contain?
A
body tissue or body symmetry
8
Q
where do placozoa and parazoa live?
A
the water; they are marine animals
9
Q
true or false: placozoa and parazoa show animal characteristics
A
true
10
Q
what does the clade eumetazoa have?
A
tissue and body symmetry
11
Q
what are the simplest forms in the animal kingdom?
A
placozoa, parazoa, and eumetazoa
12
Q
what are two groups that derive from eumetazoa?
A
radiata and bilateria
13
Q
what are the two phylum in radiata?
A
ctenophora and cnidaria
14
Q
what are the phyla of bilateria? (3)
A
acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, and coelmates
15
Q
how many sides do radiata have?
A
multiple
16
Q
what are the layers of tissues called and where are they located?
A
- endoderm- inner part of the tissue
- mesoderm- middle (if present)
- ectoderm- outermost layer
17
Q
how many tissue layers do radiata have? which are they?
A
2, endoderm and ectoderm
18
Q
what is another name for an animal containing two tissue layers?
A
diploblast
19
Q
how many tissue layers do bilateria animals have? what is that called?
A
3, triploblast
20
Q
Sponges are __________ and in the clade ________.
A
asymmetrical; protozoa
21
Q
is bilateral symmetry more advanced or less advanced than radial symmetry?
A
More advanced
22
Q
what does cephalization mean?
A
Evolution of a brain area. (true head, eyes, ears, and nose)
23
Q
what do sensory organs allow?
A
Gives the animal ability to move and do stuff.
24
Q
why is body segmentation important? (2 reasons)
A
- it allows the body to have more jobs because it is highly organized and each part has a job.
- it allows for greater mobility because there are legs on each side of the body.
25
what type of body do acoelomates have?
they have no cavity, just endoderm surrounding the gut
26
what kind of body do pseudoceolmates have?
they somewhat have a body cavity, with endoderm, pspeudocoein, mesoderm, and ectoderm.
27
what type of body do eucoelomates have?
they have a true body cavity enclosed within the mesoderm
28
what are coelomates divided into?
protostomes and deuterostomes
29
what classes are protostomes broken down into?
ecydsozoa and lophotrophozoa
30
what does protostome mean, and what is an example of one?
it means that the mouth evolved first; crab.
31
what does deuterostome mean? what is an example of one?
the anus formed before the mouth. snake.
32
what is the first recognizable stage in early development?
the 8-cell stage
33
what is the hollow center in the cell circle called?
blastula
34
what is the pinched section in the middle forming a gut called?
gastrula
35
what does protostome division look like?
1. spiral cleavage
2. cell fate is determinate
3. mouth opening develops first
36
what does deuterostome division look like?
1. radial cleavage
2. cell fate is indeterminate
3. most opening develops after anus opening
37
what does the phylum Porifera contain?
sponge
38
what is the difference between larval sponge and adult sponge?
larvae sponges are able to float around before they adhere to submerged objects like adults, who can't move.
39
what are the function of the three inner layers of sponges?
1. inner layer- specialized cells (choanocytes/collared cells)
2. middle layer- gelatinous, protein-rich matrix (mesohyl)
3. outer layer- protective epithelial cells`
40
in the mesohyl (middle layer) spicules or spongin is present. what do these things cause?
spicules are spiky, and cause rigidness, while spongin is very soft and causes it to be squishy
41
how do sponges get food?
by filtering water from the exterior layer through the space and back out.
42
what does an asconioid look like? syconoid? leuconoid?
1. simplest form, very limited and small
2. bigger, less limited, more surface area
3. greatest surface area, unlimited, biggest
43
True or false: sponges only produce sexually.
False, they reproduce both sexually and asexually
44
how does asexual production in sponges work?
the sponge will die and break into pieces which will grow to create new sponges
45
how does sexual production in sponges work?
sponges will produce eggs/sperm into the water to float around and combine before the offspring settle down.
46
which phylum are in the clade radiata?
cnidaria and Ctenophora
47
describe cnidarians (4)
all marine; tissues but no organs; diploblastic; carnivores
48
what are the two body forms of cnidarians and what do they look like?
1. polyps- cylindrical and sessile (attached to a substrate)
| 2. medusae- umbrella-shaped and free living
49
true or false: both polyps and medusae can produce sexually and asexually
false, polyps can do both, but medusae can only produce sexually.
50
what are the four classes of cnidarians?
Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, cubozoa, anthozoa
51
describe Hydrozoa (3 things)
can be both fresh marine species
both polyp and medusae form
colonial
52
describe Scyphozoa (4)
jellyfish, mostly medusa form; marine only; Aurelia; inflict painful stings.
53
describe anthozoa (6)
```
important for marine reef ecosystems
polyps form only
colonial and solitary species
secrete calcium carbonate
exoskeleton
symbiotic relationship
```
54
describe cubozoa (3)
mostly medusae
fatal sting
more advanced sensory structures
55
what is in the phylum Platyhelminthes
flatworms
56
what are Turbellaria
free-living, parasitic flatworms
57
what are Trematoda and ceromeramorpha
flukes and tapeworms, repectively
58
describe Platyhelminthes (3)
incomplete/no digestive tract; possess excretory and nervous systems; move via muscular ciliated epithelial cells.
59
what systems do Platyhelminthes have?
excretory and osmoregulatory
60
where is waste excreted in Platyhelminthes
the mouth
61
flatworms have _______ that help them distinguish between light and dark
eyespots
62
where do tapeworms live
in animals bodies
63
what do tapeworms Bodies contain?
a scolex (attachment organ), a neck, and proglottids (repetitive systems)
64
when was the phylum cydiophora founded? where are they found?
1995. mouthparts of clawed lobsters
65
how do cnidaria digest their food
they break down their prey into complex macromolecules
66
cnidaria use _________ to move nutrients out of the cell
diffusion
67
what do nematocyst produce?
a toxin to paralyze their prey
68
which of the four cnidocytes have the most fatal sting?
cubozoa
69
true or false: turbellia have a primitive brain
true
70
what are the two types of parasite cycles
direct (only one host) or indirect (2+ hosts)
71
where is a parasite in its adult stage, and what happens there?
in a definitive host, where sexual reproduction happens.
72
where is a cell in its larval form and what happens there?
in an intermediate host, and asexual reproduction happens.
73
what happens in the paratenic host?
its the third host, a transport host, and no reproduction happens.
74
what is the phylum Rotifera
microscopic, aquatic pseudocoelmates with complex organs
75
what type of digestive system do Rotifera have
complete ones
76
do Rotifera have eyespots and a foot?
yes
77
what does the body of coelomates invertebrates have designed differently?
body fluids are repositioned
they have complex organs and tissues
a larger body size
78
what does the phylum Mollusca contain
snails, slugs, clams, etc
79
what are the four recognized classes of Mollusca
1. Polyplacophora
2. Gastropoda
3. bivalvia
4. Cephalopoda
80
what do Mollusca contain
hearts, circulatory systems, and excretory organs
81
what is a mantle?
epidermal tissue that secretes the shell
82
what is the radula?
a scraping organ used as a sort of teeth for scraping algae/food
83
what is nephridia?
excretory structure that removed nitrogenous waste (sort of like a kidney)
84
true or false: all mollusks have an open circulatory system
false, cephalopods have a closed circulatory system.
85
what does the class Polyplacophora look like?
an oval with eight dorsal shells that are not segmented
86
what is the class Gastropoda?
tentacles with eyes
87
what makes gastropods different
torsion (mantle cavity and anus are moved to the front) and coiling (spiral winding of the shell)
88
what does the class bivalvia have?
two lateral shells hinged dorsally
89
how do bivalvia eat?
they are filter feeders, so they pump water with their siphon to Get food.
90
characteristics of the class cephalopoda (6)
```
very complex
active predators
foot evolved into arms with suction cups
highly developed nervous system
complex level of behavior
no internal skeleton
```
91
what animals are in the phylum annelida
annelid worms and earth worms
92
characteristics of annelid worms (5)
```
segmented
marine worms
contain septa (internal walls)
specialized organs
nervous system
```
93
earthworm characteristics
contain brain, nerve cords, circulatory system, and hearts
| hermaphradidic, segmented, closed circulatory system with diffusion.
94
what does the class Polychaeta contain
clam worms, tube worms, etc
95
what does the class clitellata contain
earthworms and leeches
96
Polychaeta characteristics (5)
marine, colorful, parapodia (side feet that allow them to swim), separate male and female, and able to withstand pressure.
97
clitella characteristics
no eyes, legs, or head; terrestrial; hermaphroditic (need another to procreate)
98
leech characteristics
parasitic, segmented and flat, freshwater, cross-fertilize, secretes anticoagulants.
99
what is in the phylum arthropoda
arthropods
100
arthropods make up ___ of the animals
2/3s
101
sub phyla of Arthropoda
chelicerata, miriapoda, crustacea, and insecta
102
what do arthropods have that the previous phylums don't?
jointed appendages
103
what are arthropods exoskeleton made of? what does it limit?
chitin and protein
| body size
104
what type of circulatory systems do arthropods have
open
105
what type of eyes do most arthropods have?
compound eyes with many lenses
106
what is the nervous system in arthropods
a double-chained ganglia
107
the arthropod brain is more of a ________ than a _________.
inhibitor, stimulator
108
what does the arthropod brain consist of?
trachea and tracheoles, along with spiracles
109
```
Which of the following are not members of Phylum Cnidaria?
A. barnacles
B. hydra
C. box jellies
D. medusae
```
barnacles
110
```
Bilateral symmetry allowed for the evolution of
A. antennae
B. external fertilization
C. tentacles
D. specialized tissues
```
specialized tissue
111
```
Nematocysts are found in which of the following?
A. hydrozoans
B. cestodes
C. sponges
D. crustaceans
E. all of the above
```
hydrozoan
112
```
Small pseudocoelomates found in bird baths and slow moving creeks are
A. Rotifers
B. Leeches
C. Planarians
D. Anthozoans
```
rotifers
113
Which of the following is not a member of the Phylum Mollusca?
A. Bivalvia
B. Polyplacophora
C. Myriapoda
D. Cephalopoda
E. none of the above (all are Mollusks)
myriapoda
114
what does ecdysis mean?
molting of the exoskeleton
115
```
The phylum characterized by jointed appendages is
A. Chordata
B. Arthropoda
C. Cnidaria
D. Nematoda
```
arthropoda
116
what is a mantle
a structure associated with secretion of a shell
117
```
Which of the following lacks a complete digestive tract?
A. Nematoda
B. Annelida
C. Platyhelminthes
D. Arthropoda
```
platyhelminthes
118
```
The corona, or wheel organ, is found in which of the following Phyla?
A. Nematoda
B. Cnidaria
C. Rotifera
D. Platyhelminthes
E. Porifera
```
rotifera
119
```
Which of the following is not a filter feeder?
A. tunicates (sea squirts)
B. sponges
C. sea anemones
D. bivalves
E. lancelets
```
sea anemones
120
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Porifera?
A. radial cleavage in the blastula
B. filter feeding
C. asexual reproduction
radial cleavage in the blastula
121
Which of the following animals is considered radially symmetric?
A. sponge
B. box jellyfish
C. tapeworm
box jellyfish
122
```
Which of the following members of the Phylum Arthropoda is a crustacean?
A. a beetle
B. a spider
C. a centipede
D. a shrimp
E. none of the above
```
shrimp
123
what are parapoda
fleshy, paddle-like appendages of polychaetes
124
18. Which of the following statements about Nematode worms is false?
A. Some species of nematodes are major plant pathogens.
B. Nematodes are hermaphroditic but must cross-fertilize each other.
C. Nematodes are bilateral pseudocoelmates.
D. Nematodes may have elaborate mouth parts.
Nematodes are hermaphroditic but must cross-fertilize each other.
125
what is a unique characteristic of arthropods?
jointed appendages
126
what is the advantage of the leuconoid body in sponges?
increased surface area for filtration
127
what do flame cells do?
remove nitrogenous wastes
128
An example of a member of the Class Chelicerata is a
A. centipede
B. sand dollar
C. tick
ticks
129
what holds earth worms together during reproduction
the clitellum
130
which phyla have both bilateral symmetry and a true coelomic cavity
arthropoda, annelida, and mollusca
131
what are two differences between protostomes and deuterostomes
protostomes develop a mouth first and have spiral cleavage; and deuterostomes develop an anus first and have radial cleavage.
132
if plants are autotrophs, what are animals?
heterotrophs
133
what sub phyla are millipedes in
miriapoda
134
what is hydrozoans form of asexual reproduction called
budding
135
what class are liver flukes in?
trematoda
136
how many hosts do liver fluke have, and what are they
3: fish, snail, and person
