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zoology exam one > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three domains?

A

eukarya, bacteria, and archea

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2
Q

what are the kingdoms of the domain eukarya? (4)

A

animalia, fungi, plante, and protista

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3
Q

how many species in the kingdom animelia are known?

A

1.5 million

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4
Q

what are the major characteristics of animals? (7)

A
  1. animals are consumers
  2. most animals have tissues
  3. do not have cell walls
  4. can physically move locations
  5. diveristy
  6. reproduce sexually
  7. characteristic patterns are followed during embryotic development
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5
Q

what does sexually reproduction allow for?

A

gene variance

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6
Q

what do hox genes do?

A

it tells the cells which part of the body they are going to be

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7
Q

what do the clades placozoa and parazoa not contain?

A

body tissue or body symmetry

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8
Q

where do placozoa and parazoa live?

A

the water; they are marine animals

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9
Q

true or false: placozoa and parazoa show animal characteristics

A

true

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10
Q

what does the clade eumetazoa have?

A

tissue and body symmetry

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11
Q

what are the simplest forms in the animal kingdom?

A

placozoa, parazoa, and eumetazoa

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12
Q

what are two groups that derive from eumetazoa?

A

radiata and bilateria

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13
Q

what are the two phylum in radiata?

A

ctenophora and cnidaria

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14
Q

what are the phyla of bilateria? (3)

A

acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, and coelmates

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15
Q

how many sides do radiata have?

A

multiple

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16
Q

what are the layers of tissues called and where are they located?

A
  1. endoderm- inner part of the tissue
  2. mesoderm- middle (if present)
  3. ectoderm- outermost layer
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17
Q

how many tissue layers do radiata have? which are they?

A

2, endoderm and ectoderm

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18
Q

what is another name for an animal containing two tissue layers?

A

diploblast

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19
Q

how many tissue layers do bilateria animals have? what is that called?

A

3, triploblast

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20
Q

Sponges are __________ and in the clade ________.

A

asymmetrical; protozoa

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21
Q

is bilateral symmetry more advanced or less advanced than radial symmetry?

A

More advanced

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22
Q

what does cephalization mean?

A

Evolution of a brain area. (true head, eyes, ears, and nose)

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23
Q

what do sensory organs allow?

A

Gives the animal ability to move and do stuff.

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24
Q

why is body segmentation important? (2 reasons)

A
  1. it allows the body to have more jobs because it is highly organized and each part has a job.
  2. it allows for greater mobility because there are legs on each side of the body.
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25
Q

what type of body do acoelomates have?

A

they have no cavity, just endoderm surrounding the gut

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26
Q

what kind of body do pseudoceolmates have?

A

they somewhat have a body cavity, with endoderm, pspeudocoein, mesoderm, and ectoderm.

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27
Q

what type of body do eucoelomates have?

A

they have a true body cavity enclosed within the mesoderm

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28
Q

what are coelomates divided into?

A

protostomes and deuterostomes

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29
Q

what classes are protostomes broken down into?

A

ecydsozoa and lophotrophozoa

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30
Q

what does protostome mean, and what is an example of one?

A

it means that the mouth evolved first; crab.

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31
Q

what does deuterostome mean? what is an example of one?

A

the anus formed before the mouth. snake.

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32
Q

what is the first recognizable stage in early development?

A

the 8-cell stage

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33
Q

what is the hollow center in the cell circle called?

A

blastula

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34
Q

what is the pinched section in the middle forming a gut called?

A

gastrula

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35
Q

what does protostome division look like?

A
  1. spiral cleavage
  2. cell fate is determinate
  3. mouth opening develops first
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36
Q

what does deuterostome division look like?

A
  1. radial cleavage
  2. cell fate is indeterminate
  3. most opening develops after anus opening
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37
Q

what does the phylum Porifera contain?

A

sponge

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38
Q

what is the difference between larval sponge and adult sponge?

A

larvae sponges are able to float around before they adhere to submerged objects like adults, who can’t move.

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39
Q

what are the function of the three inner layers of sponges?

A
  1. inner layer- specialized cells (choanocytes/collared cells)
  2. middle layer- gelatinous, protein-rich matrix (mesohyl)
  3. outer layer- protective epithelial cells`
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40
Q

in the mesohyl (middle layer) spicules or spongin is present. what do these things cause?

A

spicules are spiky, and cause rigidness, while spongin is very soft and causes it to be squishy

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41
Q

how do sponges get food?

A

by filtering water from the exterior layer through the space and back out.

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42
Q

what does an asconioid look like? syconoid? leuconoid?

A
  1. simplest form, very limited and small
  2. bigger, less limited, more surface area
  3. greatest surface area, unlimited, biggest
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43
Q

True or false: sponges only produce sexually.

A

False, they reproduce both sexually and asexually

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44
Q

how does asexual production in sponges work?

A

the sponge will die and break into pieces which will grow to create new sponges

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45
Q

how does sexual production in sponges work?

A

sponges will produce eggs/sperm into the water to float around and combine before the offspring settle down.

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46
Q

which phylum are in the clade radiata?

A

cnidaria and Ctenophora

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47
Q

describe cnidarians (4)

A

all marine; tissues but no organs; diploblastic; carnivores

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48
Q

what are the two body forms of cnidarians and what do they look like?

A
  1. polyps- cylindrical and sessile (attached to a substrate)

2. medusae- umbrella-shaped and free living

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49
Q

true or false: both polyps and medusae can produce sexually and asexually

A

false, polyps can do both, but medusae can only produce sexually.

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50
Q

what are the four classes of cnidarians?

A

Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, cubozoa, anthozoa

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51
Q

describe Hydrozoa (3 things)

A

can be both fresh marine species
both polyp and medusae form
colonial

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52
Q

describe Scyphozoa (4)

A

jellyfish, mostly medusa form; marine only; Aurelia; inflict painful stings.

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53
Q

describe anthozoa (6)

A 
important for marine reef ecosystems
polyps form only 
colonial and solitary species
secrete calcium carbonate
exoskeleton
symbiotic relationship
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54
Q

describe cubozoa (3)

A

mostly medusae
fatal sting
more advanced sensory structures

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55
Q

what is in the phylum Platyhelminthes

A

flatworms

56
Q

what are Turbellaria

A

free-living, parasitic flatworms

57
Q

what are Trematoda and ceromeramorpha

A

flukes and tapeworms, repectively

58
Q

describe Platyhelminthes (3)

A

incomplete/no digestive tract; possess excretory and nervous systems; move via muscular ciliated epithelial cells.

59
Q

what systems do Platyhelminthes have?

A

excretory and osmoregulatory

60
Q

where is waste excreted in Platyhelminthes

A

the mouth

61
Q

flatworms have _______ that help them distinguish between light and dark

A

eyespots

62
Q

where do tapeworms live

A

in animals bodies

63
Q

what do tapeworms Bodies contain?

A

a scolex (attachment organ), a neck, and proglottids (repetitive systems)

64
Q

when was the phylum cydiophora founded? where are they found?

A
  1. mouthparts of clawed lobsters
65
Q

how do cnidaria digest their food

A

they break down their prey into complex macromolecules

66
Q

cnidaria use _________ to move nutrients out of the cell

A

diffusion

67
Q

what do nematocyst produce?

A

a toxin to paralyze their prey

68
Q

which of the four cnidocytes have the most fatal sting?

A

cubozoa

69
Q

true or false: turbellia have a primitive brain

A

true

70
Q

what are the two types of parasite cycles

A

direct (only one host) or indirect (2+ hosts)

71
Q

where is a parasite in its adult stage, and what happens there?

A

in a definitive host, where sexual reproduction happens.

72
Q

where is a cell in its larval form and what happens there?

A

in an intermediate host, and asexual reproduction happens.

73
Q

what happens in the paratenic host?

A

its the third host, a transport host, and no reproduction happens.

74
Q

what is the phylum Rotifera

A

microscopic, aquatic pseudocoelmates with complex organs

75
Q

what type of digestive system do Rotifera have

A

complete ones

76
Q

do Rotifera have eyespots and a foot?

A

yes

77
Q

what does the body of coelomates invertebrates have designed differently?

A

body fluids are repositioned
they have complex organs and tissues
a larger body size

78
Q

what does the phylum Mollusca contain

A

snails, slugs, clams, etc

79
Q

what are the four recognized classes of Mollusca

A
  1. Polyplacophora
  2. Gastropoda
  3. bivalvia
  4. Cephalopoda
80
Q

what do Mollusca contain

A

hearts, circulatory systems, and excretory organs

81
Q

what is a mantle?

A

epidermal tissue that secretes the shell

82
Q

what is the radula?

A

a scraping organ used as a sort of teeth for scraping algae/food

83
Q

what is nephridia?

A

excretory structure that removed nitrogenous waste (sort of like a kidney)

84
Q

true or false: all mollusks have an open circulatory system

A

false, cephalopods have a closed circulatory system.

85
Q

what does the class Polyplacophora look like?

A

an oval with eight dorsal shells that are not segmented

86
Q

what is the class Gastropoda?

A

tentacles with eyes

87
Q

what makes gastropods different

A

torsion (mantle cavity and anus are moved to the front) and coiling (spiral winding of the shell)

88
Q

what does the class bivalvia have?

A

two lateral shells hinged dorsally

89
Q

how do bivalvia eat?

A

they are filter feeders, so they pump water with their siphon to Get food.

90
Q

characteristics of the class cephalopoda (6)

A 
very complex
active predators
foot evolved into arms with suction cups 
highly developed nervous system
complex level of behavior 
no internal skeleton
91
Q

what animals are in the phylum annelida

A

annelid worms and earth worms

92
Q

characteristics of annelid worms (5)

A 
segmented 
marine worms 
contain septa (internal walls)
specialized organs
nervous system
93
Q

earthworm characteristics

A

contain brain, nerve cords, circulatory system, and hearts

hermaphradidic, segmented, closed circulatory system with diffusion.

94
Q

what does the class Polychaeta contain

A

clam worms, tube worms, etc

95
Q

what does the class clitellata contain

A

earthworms and leeches

96
Q

Polychaeta characteristics (5)

A

marine, colorful, parapodia (side feet that allow them to swim), separate male and female, and able to withstand pressure.

97
Q

clitella characteristics

A

no eyes, legs, or head; terrestrial; hermaphroditic (need another to procreate)

98
Q

leech characteristics

A

parasitic, segmented and flat, freshwater, cross-fertilize, secretes anticoagulants.

99
Q

what is in the phylum arthropoda

A

arthropods

100
Q

arthropods make up ___ of the animals

A

2/3s

101
Q

sub phyla of Arthropoda

A

chelicerata, miriapoda, crustacea, and insecta

102
Q

what do arthropods have that the previous phylums don’t?

A

jointed appendages

103
Q

what are arthropods exoskeleton made of? what does it limit?

A

chitin and protein

body size

104
Q

what type of circulatory systems do arthropods have

A

open

105
Q

what type of eyes do most arthropods have?

A

compound eyes with many lenses

106
Q

what is the nervous system in arthropods

A

a double-chained ganglia

107
Q

the arthropod brain is more of a ________ than a _________.

A

inhibitor, stimulator

108
Q

what does the arthropod brain consist of?

A

trachea and tracheoles, along with spiracles

109
Q 
Which of the following are not members of Phylum Cnidaria?
           	A.  barnacles
		B.  hydra
		C.  box jellies
		D.  medusae
A

barnacles

110
Q 
Bilateral symmetry allowed for the evolution of 
          	A.  antennae
		B.  external fertilization
		C.  tentacles
		D.  specialized tissues
A

specialized tissue

111
Q 
Nematocysts are found in which of the following?
           	A.  hydrozoans
		B.  cestodes
		C.  sponges
		D.  crustaceans
		E.  all of the above
A

hydrozoan

112
Q 
Small pseudocoelomates found in bird baths and slow moving creeks are
		A.  Rotifers
		B.  Leeches
		C.  Planarians
		D.  Anthozoans
A

rotifers

113
Q

Which of the following is not a member of the Phylum Mollusca?
A. Bivalvia
B. Polyplacophora
C. Myriapoda
D. Cephalopoda
E. none of the above (all are Mollusks)

A

myriapoda

114
Q

what does ecdysis mean?

A

molting of the exoskeleton

115
Q 
The phylum characterized by jointed appendages is
		A.  Chordata
		B.  Arthropoda
		C.  Cnidaria
		D.  Nematoda
A

arthropoda

116
Q

what is a mantle

A

a structure associated with secretion of a shell

117
Q 
Which of the following lacks a complete digestive tract?
		A.  Nematoda
		B.  Annelida
		C.  Platyhelminthes
		D.  Arthropoda
A

platyhelminthes

118
Q 
The corona, or wheel organ, is found in which of the following Phyla?
		A.  Nematoda
		B.  Cnidaria
		C.  Rotifera
		D.  Platyhelminthes
		E.  Porifera
A

rotifera

119
Q 
Which of the following is not a filter feeder?
		A.  tunicates (sea squirts)
		B.  sponges
		C.  sea anemones
		D.  bivalves
		E.  lancelets
A

sea anemones

120
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Porifera?
A. radial cleavage in the blastula
B. filter feeding
C. asexual reproduction

A

radial cleavage in the blastula

121
Q

Which of the following animals is considered radially symmetric?
A. sponge
B. box jellyfish
C. tapeworm

A

box jellyfish

122
Q 
Which of the following members of the Phylum Arthropoda is a crustacean?
		A.  a beetle
		B.  a spider
		C.  a centipede
		D.  a shrimp
		E.  none of the above
A

shrimp

123
Q

what are parapoda

A

fleshy, paddle-like appendages of polychaetes

124
Q
  1. Which of the following statements about Nematode worms is false?
    A. Some species of nematodes are major plant pathogens.
    B. Nematodes are hermaphroditic but must cross-fertilize each other.
    C. Nematodes are bilateral pseudocoelmates.
    D. Nematodes may have elaborate mouth parts.
A

Nematodes are hermaphroditic but must cross-fertilize each other.

125
Q

what is a unique characteristic of arthropods?

A

jointed appendages

126
Q

what is the advantage of the leuconoid body in sponges?

A

increased surface area for filtration

127
Q

what do flame cells do?

A

remove nitrogenous wastes

128
Q

An example of a member of the Class Chelicerata is a
A. centipede
B. sand dollar
C. tick

A

ticks

129
Q

what holds earth worms together during reproduction

A

the clitellum

130
Q

which phyla have both bilateral symmetry and a true coelomic cavity

A

arthropoda, annelida, and mollusca

131
Q

what are two differences between protostomes and deuterostomes

A

protostomes develop a mouth first and have spiral cleavage; and deuterostomes develop an anus first and have radial cleavage.

132
Q

if plants are autotrophs, what are animals?

A

heterotrophs

133
Q

what sub phyla are millipedes in

A

miriapoda

134
Q

what is hydrozoans form of asexual reproduction called

A

budding

135
Q

what class are liver flukes in?

A

trematoda

136
Q

how many hosts do liver fluke have, and what are they

A

3: fish, snail, and person

zoology exam one (2 decks)

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