Zoology, Evolution and Speciation

Question 1

Approximately how many known species are there?

Answer 1

1.8 million

Question 2

What is zoology

Answer 2

the study of animal life

Question 3

Who is the first person we can attribute classifications to?

Answer 3

Greek Philosopher Aristotle

Question 4

What can science do?

Answer 4

Science can only reject a hypothesis, it can not prove anything

Question 5

Are all hypotheses scientific?

Answer 5

no, hypotheses that cannot be tested with science are not scientific

Question 6

What is Lamarckian evolution

Answer 6

characteristics that are passed on

beefcake>beefcake!!>BEEFCAKE!!

Question 7

What did Darwin propose?

Answer 7

Mechanisms

Question 8

What mechanisms did Darwin propose?

Answer 8

Natural Selection
Nonrandom Mating
(These could lead to biodiversity and speciation)

Question 9

What is the target of selection?

Answer 9

Natural selection targets the individual - you are what you are, your environment chooses if you are ‘physically’ successful

Question 10

Where does the selective pressure originate?

Answer 10

The environment the specie lives in

Question 11

Will selective pressures be the same in all places?

Answer 11

No because environments are different

Question 12

Can an individual evolve?

Answer 12

No, an individual cannot evolve, a population evolves

Question 13

What is evolution?

Answer 13

A change in a population over time

Question 14

Explain: Directional Selection

Answer 14

Distribution is shifted in one direction
One extreme is selected for
Graph is a bell shape
X axis is the characteristic
Y axis is the number of individuals
The curve shows the range

Question 15

Explain: Stabilizing Selection

Answer 15

Extremes are selected against

Pressures come from both sides, balance in both pressures

Question 16

Explain: Disruptive Selection

Answer 16

Selecting against the average
Selecting for the extremes
Don’t want to be in the average

Question 17

What are the three modes of natural selection?

Answer 17

Stabilizing selection, disruptive selection, directional selection

Question 18

What is the goal of nonrandom mating?

Answer 18

Maximizing fitness

Question 19

What are mechanisms of evolution?

Answer 19

Selection and Drift

Question 20

What are some Hardy-Weinburg Theorem assumptions?

Answer 20

The population is large
There is no migration
No mutation
Sexual reproduction is random
No natural selection

Question 21

Does evolution always occur?

Answer 21

Yes because of mechanisms

Mutations always occur

Question 22

Red Queen Hypothesis:

Answer 22

“It takes all the running you can do to stay in the same place”

Question 23

Red Queen Hypothesis driver:

Answer 23

biotic interactions

Question 24

Red Queen Hypothesis example:

Answer 24

bacterial resistance

Question 25

Court Jester Hypothesis:

Answer 25

The environment is constantly changing but random abiotic events “change the rules” and accelerate biotic responses

Question 26

Court Jester Hypothesis driver:

Answer 26

abiotic changes

Question 27

Court Jester Hypothesis example:

Answer 27

volcanic explosions, soil turned over so now “you’re” in the sun
unpredictable environment change

Question 28

Microevolution:

Answer 28

Change in the frequency of alleles in a population over time

Question 29

Microevolution mechanisms:

Answer 29

Mutation
Gene flow
Genetic Drift
Natural Selection
Non-random Mating

Question 30

Microevolution occurs…

Answer 30

within a single population

Question 31

Macroevolution:

Answer 31

Speciation - formation of new species

Question 32

Macroevolution mechanisms:

Answer 32

Mutation 
Gene flow
Genetic Drift
Natural Selection
Non-random Mating

Question 33

Macroevolution occurs…

Answer 33

between populations

Question 34

What are the four hypotheses for speciation?

Answer 34

Allopatric speciation
Peripatric speciation
Parapatric speciation
Sympatric speciation

Question 35

What is Allopatric Speciation?

Answer 35

The formation of species through geographic barriers to gene flow
Think “Apart”
Allo->apart
Usually distances between subgroups greater than ability to move
After speciation no gene flow between these populations will occur even if they come into secondary contact

Question 36

What is Sympatric Speciation?

Answer 36

The formation of species from a population that is not divided geographically
Reproductive barrier other than geography
Red fruit flies vs. Green fruit flies
Are the same and can reproduce but they don’t
“Together”

Question 37

What is Parapatric Speciation?

Answer 37

The formation of species from a population that is not divided geographically
Local adaptations cause differential fitness across geographical range
Hybrids are LESS successful
One species breeds and the offspring does not do well in the environment
Broad area and across the whole population
In-between “apart” and “together”

Question 38

What is Peripatric Speciation

Answer 38

A small population isolated at the edge of a larger population
Specialized form of allopatric and/or parapatric speciation
Colony on the periphery has slightly different environment
Periphery colony changes
In-between “apart” and “together”

Question 39

What is Hybrid Speciation?

Answer 39

Polyploid and Allopolyploid
Different Species interbreed
horses+donkey=mule
can be positive or negative
1/3 a new species

Question 40

Speciation requires:

Answer 40

some level of reproductive isolation

Question 41

Speciation is determined by:

Answer 41

Species
Environment
Time