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animal biology > Taxonomy and Phylogeny > Flashcards

Taxonomy and Phylogeny Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What is classification?

A

The process of grouping objects into categories based on shared qualities

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2
Q

Why classify?

A 
Identification of similarities and differences
Pattern recognition
Allows for evaluation
Allows for extrapolation
Detection of relationships
Effective and efficient communication
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3
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

the SCIENCE of classification

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4
Q

Linnaeus gave us a two word naming system for species:

A

binomial nomenclature

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5
Q

Linnaeus gave us a _______ system by grouping smaller categories into larger ones

A

nested hierarchal classification

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6
Q

Nomenclature definition:

A

system for naming biodiversity

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7
Q

Taxon:

A

a group with a specific rank into which related organisms are classified
a general term for any taxonomic group

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8
Q

Nomenclature - every name carries 3 pieces of information, what are they?

A
  1. Circumscription
  2. Rank
  3. Position
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9
Q

What is circumscription?

A

to encircle. all the characteristics that define the taxon

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10
Q

What is rank?

A

the level in the taxonomic hierarchy

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11
Q

What is position?

A

WITHIN which group does the taxa belong

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12
Q

Nomenclature rules:

A

Published on paper
Principle of type
Principle of one name (only one name for a particular circumscription, position and rank)
Principle of priority (synonyms, metonym, homonym)
Binomial nomenclature (Linnaeus)

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13
Q

Binomial Nomenclature: Species names ALWAYS:

A

have two names
Italicized (typed); underlined (hand written)
generic name + specific epithet

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14
Q

Binomial Nomenclature: Generic names:

A

genus; singular noun; Latin; capitalized

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15
Q

Binomial Nomenclature: Specific Epithet:

A

lower case; usually descriptive; has to agree in gender to genus

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16
Q

species and genera are both:

A

plural and singular

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17
Q

when writing, treat a species name as ___

A

singular

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18
Q

taxonomy provides…

A

a frame work for understanding biodiversity, an informative language for communication about biodiversity, and the information necessary for the reconstruction of ecological and evolutionary relationships

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19
Q

taxonomy is…

A

the frame work on which other pieces of biological knowledge are hung allowing for evaluation ad extrapolation

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20
Q

taxonomy reveals…

A

ecological and evolutionary phenomena on need of further study

21
Q

How is classification different from identification

A

Classification is the process of grouping objects onto categories based on shared qualities
Identification is relating an unknown to groups in a previously established classification

22
Q

What is systematics

A

the study of the evolutionary processes and relationships responsible for biological diversity

23
Q

What is phylogeny

A

a hypothesis of the evolutionary history among various taxa

24
Q

what is a node

A

a branching point on a tree

25
Q

what are the three domains

A

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

26
Q

Terminal node:

A

where taxa of study are ALWAYS located

27
Q

Internal node:

A

common ancestor of the lineages descending from this branching point

28
Q

Lineage:

A

a continuous line of descent between nodes

29
Q

Branch:

A

evolutionary connections between nodes in a phylogeny

30
Q

Root:

A

lineage or branch shared by all descendants on a tree

31
Q

Polytomy:

A

a section of a phylogeny in which the evolutionary relationships can not be fully resolved to dichotomies

32
Q

Clade:

A

a group consisting of a single common ancestor and ALL of its descendants

33
Q

Basal lineage/basal clade:

A

the earliest diverging lineage

34
Q

Sister taxa:

A

taxa or clades that share a most recent common ancestor

35
Q

Our group:

A

a lineage in a phylogenetic analysis that falls outside the clade (group) of interest

36
Q

Cladistics (phylogenetics):

A

classifies living organisms on the basis of monophyletic groups

37
Q

monophyletic clade:

A

includes an ancestor and all of its descendants

38
Q

paraphyletic clade:

A

contains the common ancestor but not all of its descendants

39
Q

polyphyletic clade:

A

will have several evolutionary lines that do not necessarily include the most recent common ancestor taxa

40
Q

Homologous structure:

A

similar structures derived from a common ancestor

41
Q

Symplesiomorphy:

A

shared ancestral characters. a trait that is shared by two or more groups due to inheritance from a DISTANT common ancestor

42
Q

Synapomorphy:

A

shared derived characters. a novel evolutionary trait that is shared by two or more groups due to inheritance from an IMMEDIATE common ancestor

43
Q

homoplasy:

A

when similar structures are acquired by convergent evolution without a common ancestor
traits evolve more than once
wings

44
Q

convergent evolution:

A

filling the same niche but not the same animal

45
Q

Biological species concept:

A

a population or group of populations that is reproductively isolated

46
Q

morphological species concept:

A

a species is a diagnosable cluster of individuals within which there is a pattern on ancestry and descent, and beyond which there is not

47
Q

ecological species concept:

A

a species is a set of organisms exploiting (or adapted to) a single niche

48
Q

phylogenetic species concept:

A

the smallest set of organisms that share an ancestor and can be distinguished from other sets

49
Q

Why should taxonomy be based on synapomorphies and monophyly?

A 
focus on homology
emphasize potential out-group diversity
illustrate potential ing-roup uniformity
focus on novel characteristics
make hypothesis comparable by having a common standard

animal biology (4 decks)

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