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diversity of life > zoology > Flashcards

zoology Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

name 6 animalia groups

A
  • eumetazoa
  • bilateria
  • deuterostomia
  • protostomia
  • ecdysozoa
  • spiralia
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2
Q

what type of cells are choanoflagellates

A

unicellular eukaryotes

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3
Q

are choanoflagellates free-living, colonial or both

A

free-living and colonial

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4
Q

what shape collar do choanoflagellates have

A

funnel-shaped collar

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5
Q

do choanoflagellates reproduce by sexual, asexual reproduction or both

A

both sexual and asexual reproduction

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6
Q

what was the hypothetical last common ancestor of all animals

A

ur-metazoan

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7
Q

describe basal metazoans

A
  • asymmetrical or radially symmetrical
  • 2 layers of cells
  • no organs, some differentiation tissues
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8
Q

what are porifera

A

sponges

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9
Q

describe proifera

A
  • 2 layers of cells
  • no tissues or organs (no nervous/digestive/circulatory systems)
  • no symmetry
  • ancient lineage
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10
Q

how do the sponges respire and feed

A
  • aquiferous system
  • brings water through sponge, pulled through ostia (pores)
  • driven across choanoderm (inner layer) by beating choanocyte flagella which pumps large volumes of water at low pressures
  • water flows close to cells responsible for food gathering and gas exchange
  • excretory + digestive wastes + reproductive products expelled via osculum with out flowing water
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11
Q

what are the sexual reproduction forms for sponges called, describe them

A

hermaphrodites - eggs + sperm produced at different times preventing self fertilisation
- eggs + sperm usually produced by choanocytes released via aquiferous species
- oviparous (eggs laying species) and viviparous species (release larval forms directly)
- larval ecology split by habitat

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12
Q

how do asexual sponges reproduce (3 ways)

A

fragmentation - bits of the individual break off
budding - colonial organisms
asexual larvae - not product of eggs n sperm, go through a larval phase before developing

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13
Q

name the 3 classes sponges are put into

A
  • clacarea
  • hexactinellida
  • demospongiae
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14
Q

where do calcareous sponges reside

A

in shalllow water

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15
Q

what are calcareous sponges composed of

A

rayed spicules of calcium carbonate

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16
Q

what other name are hexactinellida sponges

A

glass sponges

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17
Q

where do hexactinellida sponges reside

A

deep water

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18
Q

what formation are hexactinellida

A

silica spicules with 6 rays

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19
Q

what % of living species are demosponges

A

95%

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20
Q

what formation do demosponges form

A

silica spicules which is anything but 6-rayed

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21
Q

where are calcareous + coralline demosponges found

A

shallow water (<200m) needing a firm substrate

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22
Q

where are hexactinellids found

A

restricted to depths below 200m except for extremely cold environments

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23
Q

where are demosponges found

A

present at all depths

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24
Q

describe placozoa

A
  • simplest structure of all animals
  • 2 layers of cells
  • lower surface engulfs organic detritus
  • reproduce by asexual budding
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25
describe ctenophora
- radial symmetry - 2 layers of cells - unique colloblast cells ->stivky = prey capture, ->sequester stinging cells from jellyfish prey - swim using cilia - bioluminescent
26
describe cnidaria
- diverse group -> coral/jellyfish - can be sessile (rooted to spot), sedentary (can move but doesn’t really) and pelagic (free floating in water column) - occur at all depths - entierly aquatic - bioluminescent - symbiotic
27
what are the key characteristics of cnideria which aren’t shared across all species
- radial symmetry - diploblastic - possess cnidae (stinging cells) - single body cavity - no nervous system but do have a nerve net - alteration of generations (asexual polyploid and sexual medusoid) - ciliate planula larvae (larvae covered in cilia)
28
what are the 3 types of cnidae
penetrant - pierces + envenoms glutinant - sticks to prey volvent - coils around prey
29
what are the 3 types of cnidae
penetrant - pierces + envenoms glutinant - sticks to prey volvent - coils around
30
true or false cnidae are single-use
true
31
when are cnidae used
primarily feeding but secondary as defence
32
what is the polyploid phase
all classes, sessile phase, can produce asexually but can bud off medusa to form medusoid phase
33
what is the medusoid phase
medusozoa only, free swimming, reproduces sexually usually dioecious (female form and male form)
34
what 2 sub phylum’s can cnidaria be split into
medusozoa - medusoid phase anthozoa - lacks medusoid phase
35
what 3 classes are the medusozoa split into
hydrozoa - hydra scyphozoa - jellyfish cubozoa - box jellyfish
36
what 2 classes are anthozoa split into
alcyonaria - sea pens, sea fans, soft corals zoantharia - sea anemones, hard corals
37
what are the 4 phylum’s in basal metazoa
- porifera - placozoa - ctenophora - cnidaria
38
what does eumetazoa mean
the ‘true’ animals excluding the Porifera
39
what does Coelenterates mean
a paraphyletic group containing the Cnidaria and the Ctenophora - diploblastic
40
what does Bilateria mean
animals with bilateral symmetry
41
what does Protostomia mean
animals where the blastopore becomes the mouth - spiral cleavage, schizocoelom
42
what does Ecdysozoa mean
protostomes that grow by shedding their outer integument
43
what does Spiralia mean
Protostomes that do not grow via ecdysis
44
what does Gnathifera mean
Spiralians with complex jaws made from chitin
45
what does Lophotrochozoa mean
Spiralians which have both a lophophore and a trochophore larva
46
what does Deuterostomia mean
animals where the blastopore becomes the anus - radial cleavage, enterocoelom
47
what does Chodata mean
Deuterostomes that possess a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, an endostyle, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail
48
what does Ambulacraria mean
Deuterostome group including the echinoderms and hemichordates
49
what does Apomorphy mean
a new trait that has evolved from an ancestral species
50
what does blastomere mean
cells that are created when a fertilised egg divides rapidly during cleavage
51
what does blastopore mean
the point where the blastula invaginates to create the gastrula
52
what does Blastula mean
early stages of embryonic development, a hollow ball of cells
53
what does Coelom mean
the fluid-filled body cavity of an animal containing the organs - can be a schizocoelom or an enterocoelom
54
what does Dioecious mean
having male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals - gonochoric (synonym)
55
what does Ecdysis mean
shedding of the outer integument, usually as part of growth
56
what does Enterocoelom mean
a coelom that develops from the wall of the embryonic gut - found in the Deuterostomia
57
what does gastrula mean
early stage of embryonic development, a 2 layered or 3 layered cup-shaped embryo
58
what does Hermaphrodite mean
having male and female reproductive organs in the same individual - may be simultaneous or sequential
59
what does Lophophore mean
a ring-shaped or horseshoe-shaped organ surrounding the mouth which has ciliated tentacles for food capture
60
what does Metameric mean
an animal whose body is divided into segments that are similar (but not necessarily identical) in structure
61
what does Monophyletic group mean
a group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants
62
what does Notochord mean
flexible rod of mesodermal origins found in Chordata - precursor to the vertebrae and important in neural development
63
what does Paraphyletic group mean
a group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and some but not all of its descendants
64
what does Polyphyletic group mean
a group of organisms that share similar traits but don’t share a common ancestor
65
what does Plesiomorphy mean
an ancestral trait present in a particular taxon
66
what does Protoandry mean
a type of sequential hermaphrodite which begins male and later becomes female
67
what does Protogyny mean
a type of sequential hermaphrodite which begins female and later becomes male
68
what does Radial cleavage mean
developmental process where the blastomeres are arranged directly above each other
69
what does Schizocoelom mean
a coelom that develops from a split in a mesoderm - found in the Protostomia
70
what does Spiral cleavage mean
developmental process where the blastomeres are arranged in a spiral pattern around the embryo’s axis
71
what does Synapomorphy mean
a trait present in an ancestral species and shared exclusively by its evolutionary descendants
72
what does Tagma mean
a grouping of metameric segments into a coherently functional morphological unit (plural tagmata) eg. head, thorax, abdomen
73
what does taxon mean
a monophyletic group
74
what does Trochophore larva mean
a planktonic larva that has a roughly spherical body with a band of cilia that allow it to move in a spinning motion

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