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diversity of life > zoology > Flashcards

zoology Flashcards

1
Q

name 6 animalia groups

A
  • eumetazoa
  • bilateria
  • deuterostomia
  • protostomia
  • ecdysozoa
  • spiralia
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2
Q

what type of cells are choanoflagellates

A

unicellular eukaryotes

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3
Q

are choanoflagellates free-living, colonial or both

A

free-living and colonial

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4
Q

what shape collar do choanoflagellates have

A

funnel-shaped collar

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5
Q

do choanoflagellates reproduce by sexual, asexual reproduction or both

A

both sexual and asexual reproduction

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6
Q

what was the hypothetical last common ancestor of all animals

A

ur-metazoan

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7
Q

describe basal metazoans

A
  • asymmetrical or radially symmetrical
  • 2 layers of cells
  • no organs, some differentiation tissues
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8
Q

what are porifera

A

sponges

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9
Q

describe proifera

A
  • 2 layers of cells
  • no tissues or organs (no nervous/digestive/circulatory systems)
  • no symmetry
  • ancient lineage
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10
Q

how do the sponges respire and feed

A
  • aquiferous system
  • brings water through sponge, pulled through ostia (pores)
  • driven across choanoderm (inner layer) by beating choanocyte flagella which pumps large volumes of water at low pressures
  • water flows close to cells responsible for food gathering and gas exchange
  • excretory + digestive wastes + reproductive products expelled via osculum with out flowing water
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11
Q

what are the sexual reproduction forms for sponges called, describe them

A

hermaphrodites - eggs + sperm produced at different times preventing self fertilisation
- eggs + sperm usually produced by choanocytes released via aquiferous species
- oviparous (eggs laying species) and viviparous species (release larval forms directly)
- larval ecology split by habitat

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12
Q

how do asexual sponges reproduce (3 ways)

A

fragmentation - bits of the individual break off
budding - colonial organisms
asexual larvae - not product of eggs n sperm, go through a larval phase before developing

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13
Q

name the 3 classes sponges are put into

A
  • clacarea
  • hexactinellida
  • demospongiae
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14
Q

where do calcareous sponges reside

A

in shalllow water

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15
Q

what are calcareous sponges composed of

A

rayed spicules of calcium carbonate

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16
Q

what other name are hexactinellida sponges

A

glass sponges

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17
Q

where do hexactinellida sponges reside

A

deep water

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18
Q

what formation are hexactinellida

A

silica spicules with 6 rays

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19
Q

what % of living species are demosponges

A

95%

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20
Q

what formation do demosponges form

A

silica spicules which is anything but 6-rayed

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21
Q

where are calcareous + coralline demosponges found

A

shallow water (<200m) needing a firm substrate

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22
Q

where are hexactinellids found

A

restricted to depths below 200m except for extremely cold environments

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23
Q

where are demosponges found

A

present at all depths

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24
Q

describe placozoa

A
  • simplest structure of all animals
  • 2 layers of cells
  • lower surface engulfs organic detritus
  • reproduce by asexual budding
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25
Q

describe ctenophora

A
  • radial symmetry
  • 2 layers of cells
  • unique colloblast cells ->stivky = prey capture, ->sequester stinging cells from jellyfish prey
  • swim using cilia
  • bioluminescent
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26
Q

describe cnidaria

A
  • diverse group -> coral/jellyfish
  • can be sessile (rooted to spot), sedentary (can move but doesn’t really) and pelagic (free floating in water column)
  • occur at all depths
  • entierly aquatic
  • bioluminescent
  • symbiotic
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27
Q

what are the key characteristics of cnideria which aren’t shared across all species

A
  • radial symmetry
  • diploblastic
  • possess cnidae (stinging cells)
  • single body cavity
  • no nervous system but do have a nerve net
  • alteration of generations (asexual polyploid and sexual medusoid)
  • ciliate planula larvae (larvae covered in cilia)
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28
Q

what are the 3 types of cnidae

A

penetrant - pierces + envenoms
glutinant - sticks to prey
volvent - coils around prey

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29
Q

what are the 3 types of cnidae

A

penetrant - pierces + envenoms
glutinant - sticks to prey
volvent - coils around

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30
Q

true or false
cnidae are single-use

A

true

31
Q

when are cnidae used

A

primarily feeding but secondary as defence

32
Q

what is the polyploid phase

A

all classes, sessile phase, can produce asexually
but can bud off medusa to form medusoid phase

33
Q

what is the medusoid phase

A

medusozoa only, free swimming, reproduces sexually usually dioecious (female form and male form)

34
Q

what 2 sub phylum’s can cnidaria be split into

A

medusozoa - medusoid phase
anthozoa - lacks medusoid phase

35
Q

what 3 classes are the medusozoa split into

A

hydrozoa - hydra
scyphozoa - jellyfish
cubozoa - box jellyfish

36
Q

what 2 classes are anthozoa split into

A

alcyonaria - sea pens, sea fans, soft corals
zoantharia - sea anemones, hard corals

37
Q

what are the 4 phylum’s in basal metazoa

A
  • porifera
  • placozoa
  • ctenophora
  • cnidaria
38
Q

what does eumetazoa mean

A

the ‘true’ animals excluding the Porifera

39
Q

what does Coelenterates mean

A

a paraphyletic group containing the Cnidaria and the Ctenophora - diploblastic

40
Q

what does Bilateria mean

A

animals with bilateral symmetry

41
Q

what does Protostomia mean

A

animals where the blastopore becomes the mouth - spiral cleavage, schizocoelom

42
Q

what does Ecdysozoa mean

A

protostomes that grow by shedding their outer integument

43
Q

what does Spiralia mean

A

Protostomes that do not grow via ecdysis

44
Q

what does Gnathifera mean

A

Spiralians with complex jaws made from chitin

45
Q

what does Lophotrochozoa mean

A

Spiralians which have both a lophophore and a trochophore larva

46
Q

what does Deuterostomia mean

A

animals where the blastopore becomes the anus - radial cleavage, enterocoelom

47
Q

what does Chodata mean

A

Deuterostomes that possess a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, an endostyle, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail

48
Q

what does Ambulacraria mean

A

Deuterostome group including the echinoderms and hemichordates

49
Q

what does Apomorphy mean

A

a new trait that has evolved from an ancestral species

50
Q

what does blastomere mean

A

cells that are created when a fertilised egg divides rapidly during cleavage

51
Q

what does blastopore mean

A

the point where the blastula invaginates to create the gastrula

52
Q

what does Blastula mean

A

early stages of embryonic development, a hollow ball of cells

53
Q

what does Coelom mean

A

the fluid-filled body cavity of an animal containing the organs - can be a schizocoelom or an enterocoelom

54
Q

what does Dioecious mean

A

having male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals - gonochoric (synonym)

55
Q

what does Ecdysis mean

A

shedding of the outer integument, usually as part of growth

56
Q

what does Enterocoelom mean

A

a coelom that develops from the wall of the embryonic gut - found in the Deuterostomia

57
Q

what does gastrula mean

A

early stage of embryonic development, a 2 layered or 3 layered cup-shaped embryo

58
Q

what does Hermaphrodite mean

A

having male and female reproductive organs in the same individual - may be simultaneous or sequential

59
Q

what does Lophophore mean

A

a ring-shaped or horseshoe-shaped organ surrounding the mouth which has ciliated tentacles for food capture

60
Q

what does Metameric mean

A

an animal whose body is divided into segments that are similar (but not necessarily identical) in structure

61
Q

what does Monophyletic group mean

A

a group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants

62
Q

what does Notochord mean

A

flexible rod of mesodermal origins found in Chordata - precursor to the vertebrae and important in neural development

63
Q

what does Paraphyletic group mean

A

a group of organisms that includes a common ancestor and some but not all of its descendants

64
Q

what does Polyphyletic group mean

A

a group of organisms that share similar traits but don’t share a common ancestor

65
Q

what does Plesiomorphy mean

A

an ancestral trait present in a particular taxon

66
Q

what does Protoandry mean

A

a type of sequential hermaphrodite which begins male and later becomes female

67
Q

what does Protogyny mean

A

a type of sequential hermaphrodite which begins female and later becomes male

68
Q

what does Radial cleavage mean

A

developmental process where the blastomeres are arranged directly above each other

69
Q

what does Schizocoelom mean

A

a coelom that develops from a split in a mesoderm - found in the Protostomia

70
Q

what does Spiral cleavage mean

A

developmental process where the blastomeres are arranged in a spiral pattern around the embryo’s axis

71
Q

what does Synapomorphy mean

A

a trait present in an ancestral species and shared exclusively by its evolutionary descendants

72
Q

what does Tagma mean

A

a grouping of metameric segments into a coherently functional morphological unit (plural tagmata) eg. head, thorax, abdomen

73
Q

what does taxon mean

A

a monophyletic group

74
Q

what does Trochophore larva mean

A

a planktonic larva that has a roughly spherical body with a band of cilia that allow it to move in a spinning motion

diversity of life (3 decks)

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