microbiology Flashcards
give the components of prokaryotic cells
cell wall
cell membrane
nucleoid
cytoplasm
plasmid
ribosomes
give the components of eukaryotic cells
cell wall (sometimes)
cell membrane
mitochondrion
nuclear membrane
nucleus
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
cytoplasm
golgi complex
give the importance of cell membranes
- a barrier between the cell + the environment
- a structural component of a cell
- site of crucial biochemical reactions
- fundamental to energy generation
what is the cell membrane made up of
- lipid bilayer
- hydrophobic fatty acid ester linked to hydrophilic head
describe the cell membrane fluid mosaic model
- lipid bilayer forms a lipid ‘bag’ around the cell
- contains proteins that ‘float’ in the lipid bilayer
- structural, transport and catalytic proteins
other lipid components of the cell membrane includes sterols which are found in where? eukaryotes and a few bacteria, or eukaryotes and bacteria
sterols = eukaryotes and a few bacteria
other lipid components of the cell membrane include hopanoids which are found in where? eukaryotes and a few bacteria, or eukaryotes and bacteria
hopanoids = eukaryotes and bacteria
what 4 features do all cells have in common
- cell envelope
- nucleic acids
- ribosomes
- cytoplasm
what are cell walls constructed from
polysaccharides
what is the monomer of cellulose
glucose
what is the monomer of chitin
N-acetylglucosamine
what is the monomer of mannans
mannose
what is the monomer of xylans
xylose
which organisms use cellulose as their cell wall (3)
- plants
- algae
- some fungi
which organisms use chitin as their cell wall
fungi
which organisms use mannans ans xylans as their cell walls
fungi and plants
what 2 other inorganic compounds are produced by some organisms to form cell walls
calcium carbonate + silica
what is peptidoglycan
polysaccharide chains cross-linked by peptides
what is the hereditary material in all cells
DNA
what 2 processes involve rRNA, mRNA and tRNA in converting DNA information into functional protein molecules
transcription + translation
give the 3 components of nucleotides
phosphate , 5 carbon sugar, organic bases (purines/pyrimidines)
what are the pyrimidines (both DNA + RNA)
cytosine, thymine
uracil
what are the purines
adenine, guanine
describe DNA structure
- double stranded
- H bonding between complementary base pairs on anti-parallel DNA molecules
- leads to double helix structure
describe RNA structure
- single stranded
- intra-molecular H bonding between complimentary base pairs
- folds into 3D structure
what is the name of the extrachromosomal DNA in bacterial cells which isn’t always advantageous
plasmids
what type of ribosomes are found in eukaryotes
80S (60S + 40S subunits)
what type of ribosomes are found in prokaryotes
70S (50S + 30S subunits)
what main process are ribosomes used in (translation)
protein synthesis
name 3 biochemicals which are contained in cytoplasm
ATP, NAD, NADP
name 6 unique structures in some prokaryotes
- pili + fimbriae
- sheaths (2nd cell wall)
- polysaccharide capsules (slime layer)
- gas vesicles
- heterocysts
- endospores
name 2 domains that are prokaryotic
bacteria and archaea
name 3 domains that are eukaryotic
fungi, protozoa, algae (+ all other living organisms)
how is DNA organised in eukaryotic cells
in membrane bound nucleus
how is DNA organised in membrane bound nucleus
in complex chromosomes
what are the 2 types of classification systems
Whittaker’s 5 Kingdom system
Woese’s 3 Kingdom system
what is Whittaker’s 5 Kingdom system
Plantae
Animalia
Fungi
Protista
Monera
name Woese’s 3 Kingdom system
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
what is Whittaker’s 5 kingdom model based on
means of nutrition
what is Woese’s 3 kingdom model based on
evolutionary relationships inferred from comparison of macromolecular sequence data
what are the 2 types of filaments that moulds and mushrooms grow as
hyphae and mycelia
what are protozoa
- unicellular eukaryotes
- much larger than bacteria
- important in organic matter decomposition
- control bacterial populations and carbon cycling by grazing
what type of eukaryotic organisms are algae
photosynthetic
how are algae classified
on the basis of photosynthetic pigments
what are the 3 main microorganism groups within eukarya
fungi, protozoa, algae
name the colour and example of chlorophyta
green algae
viridaeplantae
name the colour and example of chrysophyta
golden brown algae
stramenopiles
name the colour and example of phaeophyta
brown algae
stramenopiles
what colour is phodophyta
red algae
what are 2 examples of pyrrophyta
dinoflagellates
alveolates
name an example of euglenophyta
euglenozoa
