microbiology

Question 1

give the components of prokaryotic cells

Answer 1

cell wall
cell membrane
nucleoid
cytoplasm
plasmid
ribosomes

Question 2

give the components of eukaryotic cells

Answer 2

cell wall (sometimes)
cell membrane
mitochondrion
nuclear membrane
nucleus
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
cytoplasm
golgi complex

Question 3

give the importance of cell membranes

Answer 3

• a barrier between the cell + the environment
• a structural component of a cell
• site of crucial biochemical reactions
• fundamental to energy generation

Question 4

what is the cell membrane made up of

Answer 4

• lipid bilayer
• hydrophobic fatty acid ester linked to hydrophilic head

Question 5

describe the cell membrane fluid mosaic model

Answer 5

• lipid bilayer forms a lipid ‘bag’ around the cell
• contains proteins that ‘float’ in the lipid bilayer
• structural, transport and catalytic proteins

Question 6

other lipid components of the cell membrane includes sterols which are found in where? eukaryotes and a few bacteria, or eukaryotes and bacteria

Answer 6

sterols = eukaryotes and a few bacteria

Question 7

other lipid components of the cell membrane include hopanoids which are found in where? eukaryotes and a few bacteria, or eukaryotes and bacteria

Answer 7

hopanoids = eukaryotes and bacteria

Question 8

what 4 features do all cells have in common

Answer 8

• cell envelope
• nucleic acids
• ribosomes
• cytoplasm

Question 9

what are cell walls constructed from

Answer 9

polysaccharides

Question 10

what is the monomer of cellulose

Answer 10

glucose

Question 11

what is the monomer of chitin

Answer 11

N-acetylglucosamine

Question 12

what is the monomer of mannans

Answer 12

mannose

Question 13

what is the monomer of xylans

Answer 13

xylose

Question 14

which organisms use cellulose as their cell wall (3)

Answer 14

• plants
• algae
• some fungi

Question 15

which organisms use chitin as their cell wall

Answer 15

fungi

Question 16

which organisms use mannans ans xylans as their cell walls

Answer 16

fungi and plants

Question 17

what 2 other inorganic compounds are produced by some organisms to form cell walls

Answer 17

calcium carbonate + silica

Question 18

what is peptidoglycan

Answer 18

polysaccharide chains cross-linked by peptides

Question 19

what is the hereditary material in all cells

Answer 19

DNA

Question 20

what 2 processes involve rRNA, mRNA and tRNA in converting DNA information into functional protein molecules

Answer 20

transcription + translation

Question 21

give the 3 components of nucleotides

Answer 21

phosphate , 5 carbon sugar, organic bases (purines/pyrimidines)

Question 22

what are the pyrimidines (both DNA + RNA)

Answer 22

cytosine, thymine
uracil

Question 23

what are the purines

Answer 23

adenine, guanine

Question 24

describe DNA structure

Answer 24

• double stranded
• H bonding between complementary base pairs on anti-parallel DNA molecules
• leads to double helix structure

Question 25

describe RNA structure

Answer 25

• single stranded
• intra-molecular H bonding between complimentary base pairs
• folds into 3D structure

Question 26

what is the name of the extrachromosomal DNA in bacterial cells which isn’t always advantageous

Answer 26

plasmids

Question 27

what type of ribosomes are found in eukaryotes

Answer 27

80S (60S + 40S subunits)

Question 28

what type of ribosomes are found in prokaryotes

Answer 28

70S (50S + 30S subunits)

Question 29

what main process are ribosomes used in (translation)

Answer 29

protein synthesis

Question 30

name 3 biochemicals which are contained in cytoplasm

Answer 30

ATP, NAD, NADP

Question 31

name 6 unique structures in some prokaryotes

Answer 31

• pili + fimbriae
• sheaths (2nd cell wall)
• polysaccharide capsules (slime layer)
• gas vesicles
• heterocysts
• endospores

Question 32

name 2 domains that are prokaryotic

Answer 32

bacteria and archaea

Question 33

name 3 domains that are eukaryotic

Answer 33

fungi, protozoa, algae (+ all other living organisms)

Question 34

how is DNA organised in eukaryotic cells

Answer 34

in membrane bound nucleus

Question 35

how is DNA organised in membrane bound nucleus

Answer 35

in complex chromosomes

Question 36

what are the 2 types of classification systems

Answer 36

Whittaker’s 5 Kingdom system
Woese’s 3 Kingdom system

Question 37

what is Whittaker’s 5 Kingdom system

Answer 37

Plantae
Animalia
Fungi
Protista
Monera

Question 38

name Woese’s 3 Kingdom system

Answer 38

Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya

Question 39

what is Whittaker’s 5 kingdom model based on

Answer 39

means of nutrition

Question 40

what is Woese’s 3 kingdom model based on

Answer 40

evolutionary relationships inferred from comparison of macromolecular sequence data

Question 41

what are the 2 types of filaments that moulds and mushrooms grow as

Answer 41

hyphae and mycelia

Question 42

what are protozoa

Answer 42

• unicellular eukaryotes
• much larger than bacteria
• important in organic matter decomposition
• control bacterial populations and carbon cycling by grazing

Question 43

what type of eukaryotic organisms are algae

Answer 43

photosynthetic

Question 44

how are algae classified

Answer 44

on the basis of photosynthetic pigments

Question 45

what are the 3 main microorganism groups within eukarya

Answer 45

fungi, protozoa, algae

Question 46

name the colour and example of chlorophyta

Answer 46

green algae
viridaeplantae

Question 47

name the colour and example of chrysophyta

Answer 47

golden brown algae
stramenopiles

Question 48

name the colour and example of phaeophyta

Answer 48

brown algae
stramenopiles

Question 49

what colour is phodophyta

Answer 49

red algae

Question 50

what are 2 examples of pyrrophyta

Answer 50

dinoflagellates
alveolates

Question 51

name an example of euglenophyta

Answer 51

euglenozoa