Zoology 1 Flashcards
what is a model organism?
a species that has been widely studied
what significant features do all animals share
multicellular eukaryotes
development features
symmetry
what are the two different mechanisms of cleavage
spiral
radial
what are the three cell layers
ectoderm
endoderm
mesoderm
what does the ectoderm form
outside skin and nervous system
what does the endoderm form
gut
what does the mesoderm form
becomes muscles
what do hox genes do
aid development
what does acoemolate mean
no cavity
what does pseudocoelomate mean
cavity filled with large cells
what does coelomate mean
fluid filled cavity lined with epithelia
what was the relatively rapid invention of most animals called and when was it
cambrian explosion
540-490mya
what is the name of the non-animal organism likely to be related to animals
choanoflagellate
what is the phyla of the sponges called
porifera
what does porifera mean
pore-bearer
what kind of cells do sponges have
choanocytes
where does water enter and leave from in a sponge
enters in ostia, leaves through osculum
what do sponges synthesise to protect themselves from predators
oxylipins
what are the three classes of sponge
demospongia (socially bound sponge)
calcarea (calcareaous sponge)
hexactinellida (glass sponge)
what is a ctenophora
a comb jelly
what specialised cells do ctenophora have
ctenes - cells with plates of cilia for movement
what are the 4 classes within cnidaria
anthozoa
hydrozoa
scyphozoa
cubozoa
what are the anthozoa
sea anemones, corals
what type of specialised cells do cnidaria have
cnidocytes - stinging cells to catch prey
what are the 2 life stages of cnidaria
polyp and medusa
what kind of animals are the hydrozoa
hydra, obelia
what does ‘scyphozoa’ mean
cup shaped
what does ‘cubozoa’ mean
box shaped
what does protostome mean
first mouth
what are the two groups of protostomes
lophotrochozoa and ecdysozoa
what is a lophophore
a feeding structure
what is a trochophore
a band of beating cilia for movement
give an example of a bryozoa
plumatella
what does brachiopoda mean and give an example
arm-foot
lamp shells
what does rotifera mean
wheel bearer
give an example of a rotifera
euchlanis
what are the 4 classes of platyhelminthes
turbellaria
trematoda
monogenea
cestoda
which class was described as ‘immortal under a knife’
turbellaria
what is the secondary host and what is the definitive host of the turbellaria
secondary = snail definitive = human
what is a cestoda and what does it mean
a tapeworm
means ‘belt’
what are the body segments of cestoda called
proglottids
what is a nemertea
bootlace worm
what do they feed with
hollow proboscis from rhynocoel - everted by hydrostatic pressure
what is and annelida
segmented worm
what kind of muscles do they have
longitudinal and circular
what class do earthworms belong to
oligochaeta
what is the thickened segment at the front of the earthworm called
clitellum
what class do leeches belong to
hirudinea
how many jaws does a leech have
3
what class do bristle worms belong to
polychaeta
what is a parapodia
a lateral outgrowth on a bristle worm for gas exchange
what does the chemical bonellin do
the green spoon worm (Bonellia) is female, bonellin release changes a smaller female to a male for sexual reproduction
how does Epitoky reproduce
segments swell and fill with gametes and split off (sometimes whole worm becomes epitoke)
what is the ratio of external segments to internal segments in a leech
102:32
what does mollusc mean
soft
what is the basic body plan of a mollusc (3 things)
foot
mantle
visceral mass
what does the mantle enclose and what does it contain
the mantle cavity contains ctenidia (comb gills)
what structure do molluscs use for feeding
radula
what are the 4 classes of mollusca
polyplacophora
gastropoda
bivalvia
cephalopoda
what does gastropoda mean and what species belong in this class
stomach foot
slugs and snails
what do cone snails have for defense/to kill prey
weaponised radula
what does bivalvia mean and what species belong in this class
two shells
mussels, clams, scallops
what does cephalopod mean and what species belong in this class
head foot
octopus, squid
what generates camouflage in cephalopods
chromatophores
what animal has an internal buoyancy device
cuttlefish
what is the major body cavity of (most) molluscs
haemocoel
what does ecdysis mean
‘to get out of’
what phyla do round worms belong to and what are two examples of them
nematoda
ascaris, caenorhabditis
what is the nematode’s body cavity
pseudocoel
what is cryptobiosis
suspension of metabolic activity in adverse conditions
what does eutely mean
each member of the species has the same number of cells
give an example of tardigrada
macrobiotus
what does onychophora mean and what kind of animal are they
claw bearers
velvet worms
which phyla have the most species
arthropods and molluscs
which phyla have the most individual animals
nematoda
what does arthropod mean
jointed feet
what kind of symmetry do arthropods exhibit
bilateral symmetry
what does metamorphosis mean
non-adult form is different to adult form
what is the arthropod body divided into
cephalothorax and abdomen
what are the 3 classes of crustacea
branchiopoda
maxillopoda
malacostraca
what does malacostraca mean
soft shell
what is the common name for Armadillidium
woodlouse
what does branchiopoda mean and name two examples
gill foot
daphnia and triops
what class do barnacles belong to
maxillopoda
what kind of limbs do crustacea have
biramous
what does myriapod mean
10 thousand feet
how many antennae do myriapods have
one pair
what kind of rhythm do myriapoda move by
metachronal rhythm
what kind of lungs do spiders have
book lung
what is the binomial name for horseshoe crabs
limulus
what are the classes of chelicerata
aranea - spiders
scorpione - scorpions
opilione - harvestmen
acarina - ticks and mites
in arachnids, what are the chelicerae and pedipalps for
chelicerae - fangs
pedipalp - sensory and handling
what is a lyriform organ
grooves connected to nerve endings in many spiders used for hearing
name a species of scorpion
andronectus
what is an ixode
a tick
