Zeh Drugz Flashcards
Enalapril, lisinopril, or captopril will all cause this
ACE inhibitor. Works by impeding the production of angiotensin II. Please note that angiotensin is a vasoconstrictor and also helps in the stimulation of aldosterone (mineralcorticoid…plays with Na+ and K+ channels…remember the kidney???)
Either losartan or irbesartan can lead to this
This works as an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARBs). The mech entails the same rationale as the ACE inhibitors, except that these drugs SELECTIVELY block AT1 angiotensin II receptors. Remember that binding to AT2 has the opposite effect of binding to AT1. Think of AT2 as negative feedback mech.
Atropine
This drug works as a cholinergic muscarinic ANTAGONIST. The mech calls for blocking the cholinergic-muscarinic effects of Ach. It is essentially an antiparasympathetic.
Metoprolol, atenolol
Works as a Beta Blocker. the mechanism entails impeding the Beta1-mediated SNS effects. Note that beta blockers have varying degrees of specificity for beta1 and beta 2. In medicine, B1 is the assumed target unless otherwise specified.
Amlodipine
It is a type L Ca2+ channel antagonist. Its mechanism works by blocking type L Ca2+ channels expressed within vascular smooth muscle contraction.
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
Works as positive inotrope. The mechanism entails enhancing the cardiac contractility and heart rate.
Digoxin
Works as positive inotrope. The mechanism entails enhancing the cardiac heart rate mainly. Note that this drug can also be used to increase the length of the AV nodal delay, slowing HR.
Furosemide
Works as a loop diuretic. It is a Ca WASTING diuretic. Its mechanism entails impairing Na+, K+, and Cl+ reabsorption by the kidneys. Specifically acts on NKCC Channel in thin ascending limb by killing it, keeping these ions in the forming urine. By keeping the ions in the kidney, H2O is forced to follow the ions (stay in the kidney instead of be reabsorbed into the bloodstream). The result is induced diuresis.
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)
This works as a Thiazide diuretic. It is CALCIUM CONSERVING diuretic (it actually stimulates Ca reabsorption), but is wastes K…likely to balance the charge. Its mechanism entails impairing Na+ reabsorption by the kidneys. Specifically acts in the distal collecting tubule NCC channel by killing it, keeping Na and Cl in the forming urine. The end result is a lower bp. The mechs of other such bp lower effects caused by this drug or not well understood. Side effect: Excessive k excretion.
Verapamil, Diltiazam (Cardizem)
These work as calcium channel blockers. The mechanism entails blocking cardiac type L Ca2+ channels. This causes a delay in the AV nodal conduction, negative inotropy, and it generally has little effect on non-cardiac type L channels.
Albuterol
It is a Beta2 receptor AGONIST. Its mechanism works by acting as a short-acting Beta2 agonist. This helps to promote bronchiolar smooth muscle relaxation.
Salmeterol
It is a Beta2 receptor AGONIST. Its mechanism works by acting as a long-acting Beta2 agonist. This helps to promote bronchiolar smooth muscle relaxation.
Fluticasone
This drug works as a glucocorticoid receptor agonist inhalant. It is anti-inflammatory.
bid
twice per day
mEq
miliequivalents
prn
as needed
q
every
qd
every day
qid
four times per day
q12
every 12 hours
tid
three times per day
Cardizem (Diltiazem)
It is a type of L Ca2+ channel blocker. Negative inotrope.
What is the purpose of Nitroglycerin?
This drug is used to treat angina, which is caused by select insufficiency in blood flow in certain places of the heart (dilating certain blood vessels, relaxing the heart). Used to treat angina patients. Establishes blood flow to the parts of the heart that are suffering from a blockage.
Eplerenone, Spironolactone*
Aldosterone antagonists (mineralcorticoid receptor anatagonist), used to keep blood in the kidneys for excretion. Acts in collecting tubules. Lowers blood volume, and subsequently blood pressure. USE FOR CUSHINGS PATIENTS
ANP
Atrial natriuretic peptide: Cause Na+ to be excreted, dragging H2O with it
Angiotensin II
Vasoconstrictor; stimulates aldosterone secretion from adrenal cortex;
renal Na+ conservation.
1. NHE3, N/K in Proximal tubule
2. NKCC in Thin Ascending Limb
3. NCC and EnaC in distal convoluted tubule
Aldosterone
Promotes H and K secretion and Na reabsorption. Works in in cortical collecting tubules. Promotes Na+ conservation by kidneys. Acts on Na/K atpase (with AII help). Acts on ENaC, with help of AII, to increase ENaC reabsorption. It also acts on H+ atpase and K/H atpase, both of which secrete H into forming lumen (and the later of which reabsorbs K into sytoplasm.); H2O follows Na+, other CV effects
Aliskiren
Blocks enzymatic activity of renin.
Amiloride
Calcium-conserving diuretic. Competitive inhibitor of ENaC (blocks Na channels in corticle collecting tubule.); decreases driving force for K+ secretion.
Biguanides (metformin)
Inhibits liver gluconeogenesis; enhances insulin
receptor signaling.
Sulfonylureas
Targets pancreatic cells–insulin secretagogue.
Thiazolidenediones (pioglitazone)
Insulin sensitizing agent–enhance the action of insulin in target cells.
Tolvaptan
V2 receptor antagonist.
Dexamethasone and prednisone
Glucocorticoid analogues.
Fludrocortisone
Mineralocorticoid agonist.
AVP (ADH, Vasopressin)
Arginine vasopressin: Works to increase bp. Secreted from posterior pituitary. Triggers Aquaporins
Bromocriptine, cabergoline
Dopamine receptor AGONISTS. An ergot alkaloids, which blocks the release of a hormone called prolactin from the pituitary gland. Note that prolactin affects the menstrual cycle and milk production. It’s used to treat certain menstrual problems (eg, amenorrhea) in women and stops milk production in some men and women who have abnormal milk leakage. It is also used to treat infertility in both men and women that occurs because the body is making too much prolactin. Bromocriptine is also used to treat acromegaly (overproduction of growth hormone) and pituitary prolactinomas (tumors of the pituitary gland). Bromocriptine is also used to treat the signs and symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Bromocriptine is also used together with proper diet and exercise to lower blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Octreotide, lanreotide
Somatostatin analogues. Blocks GH secretion from antior pit.
Pegvisomant
GH-R blocker. Prevents GH binding at the receptor.
Bromoscriptine, cabergoline
dopamine receptor AGONISTS. Inhibits excess secretion of prolactin and/or GH
Bicalutamide (use for cushings patients)
Androgen receptor antagonist
Mifepristone (use for cushings patients)
Glucocorticoid receptor antagonists
