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Social Work 1010 > Zastrow Ch. 7 > Flashcards

Zastrow Ch. 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Three Dimensions of Sexuality

A

Biological - genital and chromosomal structure.
Gender - “feeling” of being male or female.
Sexual Orientation - romantic and sexual attraction.

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2
Q

Sexuality

A

Fluid concept experienced differently by individuals.

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3
Q

Intersex

A

having both male and female biological sexual organs or chromosomes.

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4
Q

Transgender

A

People who “feel” the opposite gender of their biology.

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5
Q

Bigender

A

People who “feel” both male and female.

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6
Q

Agender

A

People who feel neither male or female.

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7
Q

Asexual

A

Not having sexual attraction to males or females.

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8
Q

Homosexuality and Transgender Status

A

Natural variants of human experience. Clients define sexuality. We do not label or judge in regard to sexuality. (Social work stance on issue.)

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9
Q

Homophobia

A

Fear and/or hatred of gay, lesbian, and bisexual persons.

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10
Q

Heterosexism

A

Attitude that heterosexuality is the preferred sexual orientation, or the assumption that everyone is heterosexual.

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11
Q

Transphobia

A

Hatred or prejudice toward transexual or transgender people.

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12
Q

Plato - Symposium

A

Human race originally had three sexes. Male, Female, Hermaphrodite (half male, half female.)

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13
Q

Judeo-Christian Beliefs

A

Homosexual acts were banned because sex was for procreation only. Eventually became law - homosexuality was not only sinful but criminal.

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14
Q

Feudal Japan and 18th Century England

A

Molly Houses - private rooms or taverns where gay and cross dressing men could meet.

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15
Q

When did homosexuality form as an identity?

A

Latter half of 19th century. Reframed from sin (behavior) to disease (personal attribute.) More humanitarian - treating homosexuals rather than criminalizing them.
(Bullough)

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16
Q

1838, Graham

A

Inventor of graham cracker - urged public to eat crackers to decrease sexual urges. Prolific and increased societal fears regarding non-procreative sex.

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17
Q

Societal Theories on Homosexuality (1800s)

A

Sex for pleasure pathological.
Medical science believed loss of semen equivalent to loss of a lot of blood. Masturbation was hazardous.
Homosexual acts were masturbatory and could lead to insanity or death in extreme cases.
Homosexuality came from reading porn or keeping bad company.
Homosexuals lesser evolved humans.

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18
Q

1860s - Karl Ulrich and Karoly Maria Benkert

A

First scientific treatments of homosexuality - natural variant of human sexuality. Tried to counter attitudes and fears of homosexuality.

Benkert first coined term “homosexual.”

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19
Q

Scientific Humanitarian Committee - 1897

A

First homosexual emancipation organization. Founded to enlighten public and encourage homosexuals to pursue acceptance.

Created the Institute for Sexual Science - a rudimentary service center. Branches in 25 cities in Germany and had advocacy functions.

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20
Q

Hirschfield - Sexologist

A

Viewed homosexuals as third sex - vocal about repeal of laws regarding homosexuals.

Coined term Transexual and outspoken advocate for transgender rights.

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21
Q

Karl Westphal - 1869

A

Marked real beginning of psychiatric community in homosexuality. Believed homosexuals were victims of psychopathological or neurological disorders.

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22
Q

Kraft-Ebbing

A

believed individuals sexual abnormality a result of heredity, or if it were acquired it was because of hereditary predisposing factor.

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23
Q

Freud

A

Sexuality included physical love, impulses, self-love, love for parents and children, and friendship associations.

  • from birth, everyone has sexual interest
  • boys and girls fall in love with parent of opposite gender
  • girls have penis envy causing castration anxiety

Before Freud, sexual interests were thought to play only a minor role in human development. His theories had a liberating effect - sexuality became part of human development.

(Told a mother that homosexuality was nothing to be ashamed of and was not something to be cured.)

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24
Q

Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries

A

Industrial Revolution - people moved to cities. Gays and lesbians could find each other. Cities passed laws against cross dressing.

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25
Q

Edward Prime Stevenson - “Intersexes” in 1908

A

Published “The Intersexes: A History o f Similsexualism as a Problem in Social Life” told of subcultures of homosexuals in cities and argued for repeal of social sanctions against homosexuals.

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26
Q

Society for Human Rights - 1924

A

Chicago - First American homosexual emancipation group. Founded by Henry Gerber, german american immigrant who wanted to find success like with German Scientific Humanitarian Committee.

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27
Q

WWII - Nazis

A

Nazis required gay men to wear pink triangle. Lesbian women to wear black triangle. Pink triangle still symbol of oppression and pride for gay people.

28
Q

WWII - US Military

A

Rural gay people relocated to enter military. Military didn’t try hard to rid itself of gays/lesbians because of great need for soldiers.

Later, after war, gays and lesbians were dishonorably or generally discharged. So stigmatized by government, they often stayed in cities to congregate more freely rather than returning home.

29
Q

Alfred Kinsey

A

Illustrated wide gap between peoples professed sexuality and behaviors and what people actually did.
Continuum of Sexuality (Heterosexuality to Homosexuality)

30
Q

Mattachine Society - Homophile movement 1950s

A

Function was to appeal to mental health professionals through education for assistance in homophile cause. Also, counseling for homosexuals was encouraged, consistent with movement’s goal of integration into society.

31
Q

President Eisenhower

A

Cold War - 1947 - President issued order to exclude those who engaged in sexual perversion from governmental positions.

32
Q

Bergler - Moralistic Theoretical Stance

A

Wrote regularly for Cosmopolitan and Coronet urging public to beware of hidden dangers of homosexuality.

33
Q

Bieber - 1962

A

Published study - homosexual adaptation was result of hidden but incapacitating fear of opposite sex. Role of parents significant determinant in outcome of sexual orientation. *Information from study came from analysts of gays and not gays themselves.

34
Q

Wasserman - Early 1960s

A

Voice of social workers of the time - “Because of our limited knowledge in the treatment of sexual deviations such as overt homosexual behavior, we case-workers approach individuals of this symptomatology with understandable reluctance and hesitancy.”

35
Q

1969 - Riot in Greenwich Village NYC

A

Stonewall Inn, a gay bar. Patrons fought and resisted police rather than being routinely, passively arrested. Event symbolically began gay rights movement.

36
Q

December 1973

A

APA removed homosexuality as a diagnosis. Change was strongly contested vote. Subsequently, gay people who had been viewed as deviant minority in need of treatment, now transformed into minority who needed assistance in coping with effects of majority on minority.

37
Q

Gender Identity Dysphoria

A

New term to describe Gender Identity Disorder. Dysphoria acknowledges that transgender people may need help coping with effects of gender identity.

38
Q

Intersectionality of Oppression

A

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender people are not only oppressed because of sexual orientation but because of multi-layers of oppression - race, ethnicity, age, gender.

39
Q

Coming Out Process

A

Dank - first person to study development of gay identity

The unfolding of gay identity in the process of coping with an environment that does not accept gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender.

Disclosing identity sets in motion a life altering course of events. Necessary component of coming out process.

40
Q

Coming Out Process - Coleman (Five Stages)

A

Sequential, but not all individuals follow process in linear way.

  1. Pre-coming out. Homosexual feelings pre-conscious, but feelings of differentness are in awareness of individual.
  2. Coming Out. Precipitation of identity crisis prompts this stage. Commonly experienced by adolescents 13-18. Self acceptance begins with acknowledgement of homosexual feelings to others.
  3. Exploration. Developing interpersonal skills, sense of personal attractiveness and self esteem from other aspects than sexual conquest. Beginning of acculturation into gay community.
  4. First Relationships. Represents the search for intimacy with another. Relationships at this stage commonly tumultuous and disastrous; may not be true intimacy - due to stereotyped notion of gay relationship.
  5. Integration. Positive gay or lesbian identity achieved as it is integrated with other personality elements of the individual.
41
Q

Being Out - Harry

A

Once closet door is open, it cannot be closed. Gives a stage like quality to coming out to different audiences. Many variants of self disclosure dependent on particular domain of life.

Coming Out models do not account for motivational factors in coming out process. Possible motivating factor examples: acquiring intimate partner and obtaining self validation.

42
Q

Unveiling of Gay Identity

A

Gratton - coming out process is an unveiling.

Gay identity is formed and former socially acceptable identity is abandoned.

43
Q

Unveiling of Gay Identity

Subjective Self vs Objective Self

A

Subjective Self: Individual’s convictions and deliberations as well as feelings, emotions, and self-analysis regarding himself as gay are part of this redefinition.
Objective Self: As gay identity stabilizes, thoughts and feelings are more visible in language and behavior; they are unveiled by the objective self.

44
Q

Unveiling of Gay Identity

Reconstruction and Activism

A

Reconstruction: mechanism that aids in converting internalized feelings of shame into feelings of pride and positive self worth.
Activism: Grows out of isolation, allowing person to identify with group and feel belonging. Encourages collective action to claim rights and combat discrimination.

45
Q

Unveiling of Gay Identity

Integrity vs Integration

A

Unveiling means more personal integrity as person is being true to himself, yet results in loss of integration into society.

46
Q

Post Modern Approaches to Coming Out (Rust)

A
  • Rather than knowing the world through observation, an individual constructs an individualistic view through an interactive process with the environment.
  • Sexual identity, like all aspects of identity, arises in a social context.
  • Lesbian and bisexual women did not follow orderly linear sequence of stages.
47
Q

Post Modern Approaches to Coming Out (Magee and Miller)

A

Coming out is intrapsychic and interpersonal process through which identity is both created and revealed.

48
Q

Lesbians - Young Adults and Adolescents

A

First awareness: 9-11
First experiences: 20
Self Labeling: 14-17
First disclosure: 16-19
Bullying major issue. Tend to be more overweight than heterosexual counterparts.
Higher pregnancy rates - possibly trying to conceal homosexuality to avoid stigma.
Strengths: acceptance of wide variety of people, social support network, more individualistic about relationships - don’t quickly self identify as butch or femme.

49
Q

PFLAG

A

Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays - committed to advancing equality and full societal affirmation of LGBT people through its threefold mission of support, education, and advocacy. Over 350 chapters and 200K members in all 50 states.

50
Q

Lesbians - Middle Age

A

Lesbian women become more knowledgeable about relationships an d more expansive in emotional experiences with other women.
Obstacles: Losing (or fear of) custody of children. Rejection of children or other family members, grief over leaving former life behind and acquisition of stigmatized identity.
No differences found in children with heterosexual vs. homosexual parents.
Strengths: more ways to find support for midlife and menopause than heterosexual counterparts.
– Social worker should not ask someone coming out in midlife to think about effect on others in her life without showing empathy.

51
Q

Lesbians - Older Adults

A

Intersectionality of oppression - female, older, lesbian, as well as race/ethnicity.
50% married to a man at one time. Slightly less than half had children. 77% maintained contact with children.
Strengths: very tight knit, supportive social network. “Out” to family members and had positive relationships with them. Positive attitudes about being lesbian; longer lasting relationships.

52
Q

SAGE

A

Services and Advocacy for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender Elders is a national organization that delivers programs for older LGBT people. Network of community centers in regions of US - programs like book groups, social events, intergenerational programs.

53
Q

Hate Crimes

A

LGBTs have substantially higher rates of being assaulted with a weapon, being physically assaulted, experiencing vandalism, or other property crimes, being threatened or verbally harassed because of sexual orientation.

54
Q

Gay Men - Young Adults and Adolescents

A

First attraction: 9-13
First experience: 13-16
Self Labeling: 12-17
First Disclosure: 16-20
Higher rate of bullying.
Unsafe sex increasing - barebacking. Not as afraid of HIV/AIDS.
Body image major issue. Hormones, chemicals, surgery, anorexia, and bulimia on rise in population.
Protective Factors: Gay Ghettos, overcoming societal homophobia.
Important to assist gay men when younger to give supports later in life.

55
Q

Gay Men - Midlife

A

High focus on attractiveness.
Stereotype to contend with: gay parents sexually abuse children. Social workers can help eradicate myth.
Gay men’s mental health improves at this age. More likely to access mental health and social support networks. Heterosexual men rely on family support.
Many feel more discriminated against in healthcare.

56
Q

Gay Men - Older Adults

A

May harbor more internalized homophobia than younger gay men.
Myth that gay men age faster.
Gay men age similarly to heterosexuals and both experience loneliness.
Older gay men experienced AIDS crisis more profoundly.
Loss of friends due to AIDS may limit support network.
Living with AIDS adds burden of living with chronic disease.
Older gay men with AIDS felt more harshly judged, less sympathy, bodies worn down due to age and illness.
Strengths and adaptive resources: higher socioeconomic situation. Don’t feel as cheated by having AIDS. Greater respect for life and health.
Concerns: May not have people to care for them as they age.

57
Q

Bisexuals - Adolescent and Young Adults

A

Seeking to resolve attraction to both sexes.
Rare to express equal attraction to both sexes.
Sexual attraction and emotional closeness may be different things.
Coming Out Process: (Hunter)
1. Sexual confusion.
2. Finding and applying bisexual label to oneself.
3. Settling into label.
4. Continued uncertainty.

Protective Factors:
Connectedness to school and family, religious involvement. Those having sexual relationships with both sexes fewer protective factors.

Young bisexual women particularly vulnerable.

58
Q

Bisexuals - Adults

A

Contend with societal issues that negate their existence. Effects of invisibility (erasure) for bisexuals.

Percentage of bisexuals larger than gay/lesbian (3.1% vs. 2.5%). Yet they remain invisible as they are lumped into same category as gays/lesbians.

Strengths: more people who endorse this sexuality. Many feel fortunate to have emotional/sexual attraction to a person rather than specific gender.

Bisexual Resource Center oldest national bi organization in US.

59
Q

Bisexuals - Older Adults

A

Most likely have identified with heterosexual or gay/lesbian for much of life. Difficulties identifying with bisexual community because of this. Many organizations for bisexuals geared to younger people, leaving this group particularly vulnerable.

60
Q

Transgender

A

Umbrella term covering various populations.
Transgender: One whose gender identity does not match his or her sex. OR One whose existence challenges the idea that gender exists only as two distinct categories.
FEW DEFINITIONS (p. 239)
Transvestite: wears opposite gender clothing for sexual satisfaction.
Drag King/Queen: wears opposite gender clothing for entertaining others.
Andgrogyne: gender between male and female; may exhibit some aspects of each gender.
Genderqueer: gender identity completely different from male or female.
Transsexual: One whose sex at birth is opposite gender identity.

61
Q

Gender Dysphoria Category

A

DSM-5 diagnostic category. Not disorder. Realization that significant stress and difficulties arise for individuals who experience it. Experience stress from dysphoria for 6 months for diagnosis.

Adult transgender experience serious consequences through discrimination.

Most transexuals identify with term transgender.

62
Q

Transgender - Young Adults and Adolescents

A

Forced to deal with gender idetntity differences with attempts by others to correct these differences.

Nonconforming girls may have easier time than boys but not always the case.

May be able to hide opposite gender feelings, and come out later in life when not so dependent on others. May experience depression, isolation, academic problems but reason may not be evident to others.

Average age of transgender awareness - 10.

20% of transgender youth are homeless or at risk.
Many turned away from shelters or required to live as biological sex in shelters.

63
Q

Transgender Emergence

A

Awareness of variance with accompanying distress.
Seeking Information about transgender issues and finding social support.
Disclosure to Significant Others - friends and family
Exploring - Identity and Self Labeling where person explores different aspects of gender identity.
Exploration - Transition stage where individual attends to gender presentation (body modifications, solidifying identity).
Integration when one’s gender identity is assimilated into other aspects of life.

64
Q

Transgender - Midlife

A

Feeling pressure of age, individuals may decide to come out in midlife. Risks of family dissolution.

Washington DC study 42% trans were unemployed, 29% no income.

Before surgery, individuals must be in psychotherapy for 6 months. Live as desired gender for one year.

Transgender people overcome difficulties and are happier living as “correct” gender.

65
Q

Transgender - Older Adults

A

Transgender older adults dealing with medical issues that come from aging in addition to those that accompany transgender corrective surgery.

27% of transgender women have HIV/AIDS.

LGBT Aging Center offers tools to help social services workers identify elder abuse and discrimination.

66
Q

Questioning Persons

A

Questioning can stem from unexpected reaction to someone else, a fantasy, and or as a response to new information. Questioning may produce anxiety because it might mean something different about individual that he/she didn’t know about him/herself.

Also, anxiety over possibility of taking on stigmatized position in society.

Social workers can assist by NOT deciding for client sexual orientation or gender identity. Help client explore feelings without labeling. Normalizing experience can reduce isolation for client.

Social Work 1010 (3 decks)

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