Yr9 Summer Assessment-Geography

Question 1

Explain how and why tectonic plates move

Answer 1

Earthquakes and Volcanoes occur along plate boundaries causing tectonic plates to move

Question 2

Describe and explain how earthquakes occur at the following plate bounderies

Answer 2

Conservative plate boundary-moving in opposite directions
Destructive plate boundary-two plates moving towards each other
Constructive plate boundary-two plates moving away from each other

Question 3

Explain the impacts of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake

Answer 3

316000 killed
1million became homeless
3million people affected
Cholera outbreak
Morgues and hospitals filled up
Trauma and looting became a problem
250,000&30,000 homes and other buildings destroyed
1/5 people lost their job
Transport and communication links destroyed
50+,1300+ schools, airports control tower badly damaged
Scale of earthquake: 6miles deep, 15km away from the capital
Unstable built homes
Rescuers weren’t able to come before 48h

Question 4

Explain 2 human reasons why so many people died in the Haiti Earthquake

Answer 4

Severe shortages of doctors

Due to 56% of population of being poor, most houses are self built and made out of breeze blocks with no foundations

Question 5

What is a hurricane?

Answer 5

The strongest tropical storm is a hurricane

Question 6

What does a hurricane need to survive/form?

Answer 6

Tropical waters 8-20degrees latitude
High humidity
Light wind
Warm sea surface temp (26.5 degrees)

Question 7

What is the Saffir Simpson Scale and what does it measure?

Answer 7

Measures a hurricane’s wind speed on placing it into a category. Saffir Simpson Scale measures the how bad a hurricane is

Question 8

Explain two impacts of Typhoon Haiyan

Answer 8

6300 dead and 286000 injured. Over 1000 people missing, some towns completely wiped out
Widespread power interruptions, landslides and flash floods occur. Major roads blocked by trees and impassable. 453 flights were cancelled

Question 9

Explains two impacts of Hurricane Sandy

Answer 9

157 people killed

Preparations occurred for power failures Sandy might cause. 6million people lost power for 2days

Question 10

Explain the benefits or problems living near volcanoes

Answer 10

Volcanic rocks are rich in minerals, good for growing crops
Tourisms creates jobs in shops, restaurants, hotels and tourist centres/national parks. Local economies profit from volcanism throughout the year
Pyroclastic flows from volcanoes flatten forests etc
Mud flows are created when volcanic ash mixes with water, which cam affect building etc

Question 11

How do scientists monitor volcanic activity?

Answer 11

Seismic activity, GPS and EDM

Question 12

What is erosion?

Answer 12

The removal of rocks and soil from one place to another

Question 13

Define attrition, hydraulic action and corrasion

Answer 13

Attrition-the wearing away of rocks and stones in the river as they bump into eachother
Corrasion-the wearing away of the river bead and banks by stones and gravel
Hydraulic actions-the removal of the river bed and banks by the force of water

Question 14

Explain the formation of waterfalls

Answer 14

Soft rock eroded quickly undercutting the hard rock
Hard rock overhanging eventually collapses (not supported)
Fallen rocks crash into plunge pool, swirl around causing more erosion
Process repeated overtime waterfall moves upstream
Steep sided gorge formed as waterfall retreats

Question 15

What is a meander and ox bow lake?

Answer 15

Meander-bend in a water

Oxbow bend-a U shaped body of water that forms when a meander is cut off from the main river

Question 16

Explain the formation of a meander and ox bow lake

Answer 16

River gets bigger carries large amount of suspension which erodes river corrosion
River erodes laterally forms large bends and then a horse-shoe like loops called meanders
Force of water undercuts/erodes the rivers bank on the outside of the bend where the water flow has most energy due to decreased friction
Inside of bend slower material is deposited more friction
Deposition block off old meander fast current in the centre of river. An oxbow lake is formed

Question 17

What is the difference between vertical and lateral erosion?

Answer 17

Vertical erosion-erosion moving downwards-make channel bed deeper
Lateral erosion-erosion occurring across riverbad outwards makes river wider-could also make a meander

Question 18

Explain the river characteristics change as you move from the source to the mouth of the river

Answer 18

Upper course- steep gradient, v-shaped valley-water travels through,waterfalls
Middle course-bumpy river bed due to erosion, meander, ox bow lake, gentle gradient
Lower course-flat bed, flood plains, estuary, mouth and where river meets the sea

Question 19

Identify and explain a flood management technique used to prevent flooding

Answer 19

Thames Barrier:
Built 1982
Set of 10 gates across river
Opens for boats
Close when high sea levels which might cause tidal surges
In emergency gates close in 15 mins

Question 20

Why do countries have disputes over water sources?

Answer 20

300 mill rely on the Nile
Shared by 11 countries, 10% of Africa is the Nile
Ethiopia has other water sources
Ethiopia built a dam which reduces Egypt’s water 
Egypt technically has FULL CONTROL
Papers by english empire don’t count
Underlying water scarcity issues 
After 1959, belongs to Egypt 
Political & religious tension

Question 21

What is a glacial retreat and glacial advance?

Answer 21

Retreat-when a glacial retreats

Advance-when a glacial advances

Question 22

Explain two natural causes of glacial retreats

Answer 22

Milankovitch cycles-long term changes in the earth’s orbit results in variations in the amount of solar radiation reaching Earth
Volcanoes-releases gas/ash which pollute the Earth, prevent solar radiation coming in which makes glaciers advance but temporarily retreat

Question 23

Explain one human cause of a glacial retreat

Answer 23

Pollution-green house gas effect retreat glaciers

Question 24

What are the challenges of living in glacial regions

Answer 24

Permafrost-hard to build on
Short growing crops
Cold for months
Darkeness
Hunting difficult (seasons)

Question 25

How have people adapted to live in glacial regions?

Answer 25

High pitched roofs
Triple glazed windows
House on stilts 
Animals for clothes
Fish than animals

Question 26

What are the social, economic and environmental impacts of tourism?

Answer 26

Social:
Provided jobs
Lots of engineers needed
Decline in local crafts

Environmental:
Large amounts of water needed to make artificial ice
Forests chopped to make accommodation affects water cycles
Constantly skiing on thin ice affects the ground
Alpine vegetation destroyed for new roads

Economy:
Tourist put money in ski schools, etc, thriving economy
Provided jobs

Question 27

Explain how can tourism can be managed in glacial are

Answer 27

Free transport, fewer cars
Cycle routes-less CO2 emissions-healthy people
Hydroelectric plants will cover most valley’s electrical stuff
Solar panels-provided jobs

Question 28

Describe how climate varies in Africa

Answer 28

Savanna’s down south-warm all year, rolling grasslands with lions etc
Hot desert up mid north-hot in the day very cold at night, camels antelope etc
Rainforest south east-warm/wet all year, monkey’s etc
Semi-desert south west-warm/hot cooler than desert, cattle and goat and sheep

Question 29

How can development be measured?

Answer 29

Using HDI (how healthy, wealthy and educated people are)
GDP-the total economic output of a country divided by its population
Infant mortality
Literacy rate
Access to doctors
Access to clean water
Obesity

Question 30

What is HDI?

Answer 30

How healthy, wealthy and educated a population is

Question 31

What is GDP?

Answer 31

The total economic output of a country divided by its population

Question 32

Malaria

Answer 32

In 2012 there were 207 million cases in Africa
Mortality rates have fallen 45% globally and 49% in Africa
People in Africa are unable to afford anti malarial med, nets and sprays
Transmission depends on climatic conditions (rainfall)
Malaria is biggest killer in Chad, 2015, no. of cases increased 10 times

Question 33

Droughts

Answer 33

Between 1975-2000 98% of deaths were drought related
Severe droughts across the Horn of Africa has left 12.4 mill in need of help
Climate change worsening the situation
In Somali, Ethiopa nomadic pastoralists have lost their livelihoods
Somalia is suffering and food distribution is not fair
Drought can have an impact on ecosystems and agriculture

Question 34

War/conflict

Answer 34

Many civil wars have taken place in Africa-Mozambique, Angola and Sudan
Effects on countries are long lasting-Sierra Leone
Sometimes UN gets involved
Fighting for democracy and independence

Question 35

HIV/AIDS

Answer 35

Malawi’s pop is 15.9 mill and half a mill of children are orphaned due to HIV-affecting economy
HIV has drastically slowed the economic growth/social development in Africa
Only 5mill of 10mill HIV patients got antiretroviral drugs

Question 36

Education

Answer 36

Literacy rates are low in Africa
Lack basic facilities 
In 2000 52% received education 
Chad still suffering effects of war resulting in not being able to get children good education
Mali, South Sudan and Niger

Question 37

Corruption

Answer 37

Zambia is very corrupt as leaders say there doing something but are not
Corruption perception index scores 177 countries and territories on a scale from 0-100
Majority of African countries are corrupt

Question 38

Explain the problem HIC/AIDS has caused in Africa

Answer 38

Young people have to drop out of school to find work to support families affected by it
Reduction in working population and neg impact on GDP
Lack of education overall/on the matter

Question 39

What are the consequences of HIV/AIDS in Africa

Answer 39

A taboo subject meaning people won’t tell their partners
Governments embarrassed to ask for help
Bad economy—>poverty has caused people to go into prostitution
Life expectancy below 50