Yr9 Summer Assessment-Geography Flashcards
Explain how and why tectonic plates move
Earthquakes and Volcanoes occur along plate boundaries causing tectonic plates to move
Describe and explain how earthquakes occur at the following plate bounderies
Conservative plate boundary-moving in opposite directions
Destructive plate boundary-two plates moving towards each other
Constructive plate boundary-two plates moving away from each other
Explain the impacts of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake
316000 killed
1million became homeless
3million people affected
Cholera outbreak
Morgues and hospitals filled up
Trauma and looting became a problem
250,000&30,000 homes and other buildings destroyed
1/5 people lost their job
Transport and communication links destroyed
50+,1300+ schools, airports control tower badly damaged
Scale of earthquake: 6miles deep, 15km away from the capital
Unstable built homes
Rescuers weren’t able to come before 48h
Explain 2 human reasons why so many people died in the Haiti Earthquake
Severe shortages of doctors
Due to 56% of population of being poor, most houses are self built and made out of breeze blocks with no foundations
What is a hurricane?
The strongest tropical storm is a hurricane
What does a hurricane need to survive/form?
Tropical waters 8-20degrees latitude
High humidity
Light wind
Warm sea surface temp (26.5 degrees)
What is the Saffir Simpson Scale and what does it measure?
Measures a hurricane’s wind speed on placing it into a category. Saffir Simpson Scale measures the how bad a hurricane is
Explain two impacts of Typhoon Haiyan
6300 dead and 286000 injured. Over 1000 people missing, some towns completely wiped out
Widespread power interruptions, landslides and flash floods occur. Major roads blocked by trees and impassable. 453 flights were cancelled
Explains two impacts of Hurricane Sandy
157 people killed
Preparations occurred for power failures Sandy might cause. 6million people lost power for 2days
Explain the benefits or problems living near volcanoes
Volcanic rocks are rich in minerals, good for growing crops
Tourisms creates jobs in shops, restaurants, hotels and tourist centres/national parks. Local economies profit from volcanism throughout the year
Pyroclastic flows from volcanoes flatten forests etc
Mud flows are created when volcanic ash mixes with water, which cam affect building etc
How do scientists monitor volcanic activity?
Seismic activity, GPS and EDM
What is erosion?
The removal of rocks and soil from one place to another
Define attrition, hydraulic action and corrasion
Attrition-the wearing away of rocks and stones in the river as they bump into eachother
Corrasion-the wearing away of the river bead and banks by stones and gravel
Hydraulic actions-the removal of the river bed and banks by the force of water
Explain the formation of waterfalls
Soft rock eroded quickly undercutting the hard rock
Hard rock overhanging eventually collapses (not supported)
Fallen rocks crash into plunge pool, swirl around causing more erosion
Process repeated overtime waterfall moves upstream
Steep sided gorge formed as waterfall retreats
What is a meander and ox bow lake?
Meander-bend in a water
Oxbow bend-a U shaped body of water that forms when a meander is cut off from the main river
Explain the formation of a meander and ox bow lake
River gets bigger carries large amount of suspension which erodes river corrosion
River erodes laterally forms large bends and then a horse-shoe like loops called meanders
Force of water undercuts/erodes the rivers bank on the outside of the bend where the water flow has most energy due to decreased friction
Inside of bend slower material is deposited more friction
Deposition block off old meander fast current in the centre of river. An oxbow lake is formed
What is the difference between vertical and lateral erosion?
Vertical erosion-erosion moving downwards-make channel bed deeper
Lateral erosion-erosion occurring across riverbad outwards makes river wider-could also make a meander
Explain the river characteristics change as you move from the source to the mouth of the river
Upper course- steep gradient, v-shaped valley-water travels through,waterfalls
Middle course-bumpy river bed due to erosion, meander, ox bow lake, gentle gradient
Lower course-flat bed, flood plains, estuary, mouth and where river meets the sea
Identify and explain a flood management technique used to prevent flooding
Thames Barrier: Built 1982 Set of 10 gates across river Opens for boats Close when high sea levels which might cause tidal surges In emergency gates close in 15 mins
Why do countries have disputes over water sources?
300 mill rely on the Nile Shared by 11 countries, 10% of Africa is the Nile Ethiopia has other water sources Ethiopia built a dam which reduces Egypt’s water Egypt technically has FULL CONTROL Papers by english empire don’t count Underlying water scarcity issues After 1959, belongs to Egypt Political & religious tension
What is a glacial retreat and glacial advance?
Retreat-when a glacial retreats
Advance-when a glacial advances
Explain two natural causes of glacial retreats
Milankovitch cycles-long term changes in the earth’s orbit results in variations in the amount of solar radiation reaching Earth
Volcanoes-releases gas/ash which pollute the Earth, prevent solar radiation coming in which makes glaciers advance but temporarily retreat
Explain one human cause of a glacial retreat
Pollution-green house gas effect retreat glaciers
What are the challenges of living in glacial regions
Permafrost-hard to build on Short growing crops Cold for months Darkeness Hunting difficult (seasons)
How have people adapted to live in glacial regions?
High pitched roofs Triple glazed windows House on stilts Animals for clothes Fish than animals
What are the social, economic and environmental impacts of tourism?
Social:
Provided jobs
Lots of engineers needed
Decline in local crafts
Environmental:
Large amounts of water needed to make artificial ice
Forests chopped to make accommodation affects water cycles
Constantly skiing on thin ice affects the ground
Alpine vegetation destroyed for new roads
Economy:
Tourist put money in ski schools, etc, thriving economy
Provided jobs
Explain how can tourism can be managed in glacial are
Free transport, fewer cars
Cycle routes-less CO2 emissions-healthy people
Hydroelectric plants will cover most valley’s electrical stuff
Solar panels-provided jobs
Describe how climate varies in Africa
Savanna’s down south-warm all year, rolling grasslands with lions etc
Hot desert up mid north-hot in the day very cold at night, camels antelope etc
Rainforest south east-warm/wet all year, monkey’s etc
Semi-desert south west-warm/hot cooler than desert, cattle and goat and sheep
How can development be measured?
Using HDI (how healthy, wealthy and educated people are)
GDP-the total economic output of a country divided by its population
Infant mortality
Literacy rate
Access to doctors
Access to clean water
Obesity
What is HDI?
How healthy, wealthy and educated a population is
What is GDP?
The total economic output of a country divided by its population
Malaria
In 2012 there were 207 million cases in Africa
Mortality rates have fallen 45% globally and 49% in Africa
People in Africa are unable to afford anti malarial med, nets and sprays
Transmission depends on climatic conditions (rainfall)
Malaria is biggest killer in Chad, 2015, no. of cases increased 10 times
Droughts
Between 1975-2000 98% of deaths were drought related
Severe droughts across the Horn of Africa has left 12.4 mill in need of help
Climate change worsening the situation
In Somali, Ethiopa nomadic pastoralists have lost their livelihoods
Somalia is suffering and food distribution is not fair
Drought can have an impact on ecosystems and agriculture
War/conflict
Many civil wars have taken place in Africa-Mozambique, Angola and Sudan
Effects on countries are long lasting-Sierra Leone
Sometimes UN gets involved
Fighting for democracy and independence
HIV/AIDS
Malawi’s pop is 15.9 mill and half a mill of children are orphaned due to HIV-affecting economy
HIV has drastically slowed the economic growth/social development in Africa
Only 5mill of 10mill HIV patients got antiretroviral drugs
Education
Literacy rates are low in Africa Lack basic facilities In 2000 52% received education Chad still suffering effects of war resulting in not being able to get children good education Mali, South Sudan and Niger
Corruption
Zambia is very corrupt as leaders say there doing something but are not
Corruption perception index scores 177 countries and territories on a scale from 0-100
Majority of African countries are corrupt
Explain the problem HIC/AIDS has caused in Africa
Young people have to drop out of school to find work to support families affected by it
Reduction in working population and neg impact on GDP
Lack of education overall/on the matter
What are the consequences of HIV/AIDS in Africa
A taboo subject meaning people won’t tell their partners
Governments embarrassed to ask for help
Bad economy—>poverty has caused people to go into prostitution
Life expectancy below 50
