Yr10 Development Gap And Economies Flashcards
Whay is GNI?
- gross national income
- total value of all goods and services produced by a country, plus money earned to/from other countries
- measured per capita
What is HDI?
- human development index
- measures a country’s level of social and economic development
- measured by life expectancy, education and GNI per head alongside other factors
- expressed from 0 to 1 with 1 being highest.
Examples of development indicators?
- birth rate
- infant mortality
- number of doctors
- % of pop. with access to safe water
- literacy rate
- death rate
Limitations of only using social or economic measures?
- doesn’t show conditions of the environment
- wealth concentrated in cities
- poor data from rural areas
- few people control lots of wealth, falsely showing wealthy country
What is standard of living?
Level of wealth, comfort, material goods and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class in a certain geographic area
What is quality of life?
General wellbeing of individuals and societies. Not only wealth and employment but also environment, physical and mental health, leisure time, social belonging, right to privacy and right to vote.
What is birth rate?
Number of live births per 1000 people in an area in a year
What is death rate?
Number of deaths per 1000 people in an area per year
What is the demographic transition model?
A theoretical model that shows changes in population information over time
What occurs in stage 1 (High fluctuating) of the DTM and examples?
BR and DR are high but fluctuate, small pop growth
- eg tribes
What occurs in stage 2 (Early expanding) of the DTM and examples?
BR stays high but death rate decrease, pop increases
- eg. Afghanistan
What occurs in stage 3 (Late expanding) of the DTM and examples?
DR continues to fall, BR begins to drop, population still increases but is slowing down
- eg. Nigeria and India
What occurs in stage 4 (Low fluctuating) of the DTM and examples?
Low BR and DR, both fluctuate, small pop growth and low fertility rates, steady population
- eg. USA
What occurs in stage 5 (Declining) of the DTM and examples?
- pop of country has fallen below replacement level, aging pop, DR slightly exceeds BR, pop growth in decline
- eg. Japan and Germany
Historical factors that cause poverty?
- colonialism
- war
- racism
- power vacuums and corruptions
Physical factors that cause poverty?
- disease
- natural disasters
- climate
- landlocked?
- relief
- resources
- pests
Economic factors that cause poverty?
- inflation
- unstable agricultural industry pricing (more supply than demand)
Define immigrant
A person who moves into a country
Define emigrant
A person who moves out of their country
Define economic migrant
A person who moves voluntarily to seek a better life such as better paid jobs, heslthcare or education
Define displaced person
A person forced to move from their home but stays in their country of origin
Define refugee
A person forced to move from their country as a result of (civil) war, natural disasters and other things
Define asylum seeker
Someone who has fled their home and claim international protection but whose status has not yet been definitively determined
What is the gini coefficient?
Shows wealth distribution from 0 to 1, at 1 all wealth is controlled by 1 person and at 0 it is evenly split
Benefits of migrants for host country?
- improved number of workers
- boosts health services and economy
- contribute to tax payments
Consequences of migration for country of origin?
- lack of working age citizens
- worsened health services and economy
- less tax payments
What is top down development?
- a large scale project with high inputs from govts and global institutions
- based on idea benefits will trickle down through economy to benefit everyone
What is bottom up development?
- small scale development at community/individual level
- based on idea benefits will grow from the bottom, if they have more money, they spend more and economy grows
What is bilateral aid?
Aid from one country to another, often tied
What is multilateral aid?
Richer govts give money to international organisations to redistribute aid
What is tied aid?
Aid given with certain conditions, eg. Recipient has to spend money on donor country’s products
What is voluntary aid?
Money donated from general public in richer countries and distributed by NGOs
Positives and negatives of aid?
- more money for projects
- countries rely heavily on it
Positives and negatives of trade groups?
- reduces trading costs, meaning more trade can occur
- countries are toed to certain rules
Positives and negatives of fairtrade?
- increases farmers wages and gives bonuses to invest into community projects
- must agree to farm more environmentally
Positives and negatives of investment?
- develops infrastructure and utilities
- countries may become dependant on it
Positives and negatives of debt relief?
- poor countries can invest more in projects
- country may get into further debt, expect it to be written off and it isn’t
Positives and negatives of industrial development?
- more job opportunities and higher wages
- impacts the environment
Positives and negatives of intermediate technology?
- helps communities grow and thrive, more jobs
- costly to maintain
Positives and negatives of microfinance loans?
- helps people set up businesses
- money may not be used for businesses
Positives and negatives of microfinance loans?
- helps people set up businesses
- money may not be used for businesses
What is a tariff?
Taxes paid on imports, making imported goods seem less attractive than home produced goods
What is a quota?
A limit on quantity of goods that can be imported
What is the WTO?
World trade organisation,
They aim to make trade easier and remove barriers
What is an agricultural susbidy?
Financial support given by govt. to help their farmers
What are trading groups?
Countries that group together to increase level of trade between them and discourage trade between non members, eg. EU, ASEAN
Advantages of a poor country joining a trading group?
- encourages trade between member nations
- richer countries can’t shop around for cheaper prices
- members can command a greater share of market
- members can get higher prices for goods
How has tourism impacted Jamaica?
- huge sector of economy
- provides ~200,000 jobs
- helps develop infrastructure
- farmers benefit by providing for hotels
- increases QOL
- can damage environment
What is the acronym for describing location?
CLOCC
C - continent
L - longitude/latitude
O - oceans/seas
C - countries
C - compass directions
Economic significance of Nigeria?
- largest economy in Africa
- 15th largest global oil producer
- expected to outpopulate US by 2050
- manufacturing and agricultural sectors
- 96% of exports are oil and gas
What is deindustrialisation?
-machines and tech replace people in industries
- import cheaper goods from other countries
What is globalisation?
The growth and spread of udeas around the world. Made possible by developments in transport, communications and the internet.
How has the UK’s economy changed over time?
- huge decline in primary sector, from 75% in 1800 to just 2% in 2015
- secondary sector boomed with industrial revolution, then declined
- tertiary sector has boomed
- ## quaternary sector started to grow in late 20th century into 21st century
What is the primary sector?
Resource extraction, like agricultural production, mining etc.
What is the secondary sector?
Mainly manufacturing
What is the teriary sector?
Services, such as teaching, healthcare, hotels, shops
What is the quaternary sector?
Research and development
Environmental impacts of primary sector?
Dust, noise and visual pollution from mining and quarrying
Chemicals in waterways from agriculture cause algae blooms, depleting oxygen for other aquatic life
Hedgerow loss
Environmental impact of secondary sector?
Air and water pollution from factories, visual pollution, soil quality damaged, waste sent to landfill
Environmental impact of tertiary sector?
People encouraged to buy more, creates waste
Travel from tourism and intntl business creates harmful emissions
What is a science park?
A group of scientific and technical knowledge based businesses located on a single site
What is a business park?
An area of land occupued by a cluster of businesses
What is a quarry?
A place where rocks, sand or minerals are extracted from the surface of the earth
How to improve sustainability of quarries?
- landscape to blend in with environment after use
- transport material by rail rather than road
- stricter environmetal targets and regular monitoring
- deepen rather tham widen
