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Geography GCSE > Yr10 Development Gap > Flashcards

Yr10 Development Gap Flashcards

1
Q

Whay is GNI?

A
  • gross national income
  • total value of all goods and services produced by a country, plus money earned to/from other countries
  • measured per capita
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2
Q

What is HDI?

A
  • human development index
  • measures a country’s level of social and economic development
  • measured by life expectancy, education and GNI per head alongside other factors
  • expressed from 0 to 1 with 1 being highest.
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3
Q

Examples of development indicators?

A
  • birth rate
  • infant mortality
  • number of doctors
  • % of pop. with access to safe water
  • literacy rate
  • death rate
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4
Q

Limitations of only using social or economic measures?

A
  • doesn’t show conditions of the environment
  • wealth concentrated in cities
  • poor data from rural areas
  • few people control lots of wealth, falsely showing wealthy country
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5
Q

What is standard of living?

A

Level of wealth, comfort, material goods and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class in a certain geographic area

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6
Q

What is quality of life?

A

General wellbeing of individuals and societies. Not only wealth and employment but also environment, physical and mental health, leisure time, social belonging, right to privacy and right to vote.

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7
Q

What is birth rate?

A

Number of live births per 1000 people in an area in a year

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8
Q

What is death rate?

A

Number of deaths per 1000 people in an area per year

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9
Q

What is the demographic transition model?

A

A theoretical model that shows changes in population information over time

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10
Q

What occurs in stage 1 (High fluctuating) of the DTM and examples?

A

BR and DR are high but fluctuate, small pop growth

  • eg tribes
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11
Q

What occurs in stage 2 (Early expanding) of the DTM and examples?

A

BR stays high but death rate decrease, pop increases

  • eg. Afghanistan
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12
Q

What occurs in stage 3 (Late expanding) of the DTM and examples?

A

DR continues to fall, BR begins to drop, population still increases but is slowing down

  • eg. Nigeria and India
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13
Q

What occurs in stage 4 (Low fluctuating) of the DTM and examples?

A

Low BR and DR, both fluctuate, small pop growth and low fertility rates, steady population

  • eg. USA
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14
Q

What occurs in stage 5 (Declining) of the DTM and examples?

A
  • pop of country has fallen below replacement level, aging pop, DR slightly exceeds BR, pop growth in decline
  • eg. Japan and Germany
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15
Q

Historical factors that cause poverty?

A
  • colonialism
  • war
  • racism
  • power vacuums and corruptions
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16
Q

Physical factors that cause poverty?

A
  • disease
  • natural disasters
  • climate
  • landlocked?
  • relief
  • resources
  • pests
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17
Q

Economic factors that cause poverty?

A
  • inflation
  • unstable agricultural industry pricing (more supply than demand)
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18
Q

Define immigrant

A

A person who moves into a country

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19
Q

Define emigrant

A

A person who moves out of their country

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20
Q

Define economic migrant

A

A person who moves voluntarily to seek a better life such as better paid jobs, heslthcare or education

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21
Q

Define displaced person

A

A person forced to move from their home but stays in their country of origin

22
Q

Define refugee

A

A person forced to move from their country as a result of (civil) war, natural disasters and other things

23
Q

Define asylum seeker

A

Someone who has fled their home and claim international protection but whose status has not yet been definitively determined

24
Q

What is the gini coefficient?

A

Shows wealth distribution from 0 to 1, at 1 all wealth is controlled by 1 person and at 0 it is evenly split

25
Q

Benefits of migrants for host country?

A
  • improved number of workers
  • boosts health services and economy
  • contribute to tax payments
26
Q

Consequences of migration for country of origin?

A
  • lack of working age citizens
  • worsened health services and economy
  • less tax payments
27
Q

What is top down development?

A
  • a large scale project with high inputs from govts and global institutions
  • based on idea benefits will trickle down through economy to benefit everyone
28
Q

What is bottom up development?

A
  • small scale development at community/individual level
  • based on idea benefits will grow from the bottom, if they have more money, they spend more and economy grows
29
Q

What is bilateral aid?

A

Aid from one country to another, often tied

30
Q

What is multilateral aid?

A

Richer govts give money to international organisations to redistribute aid

31
Q

What is tied aid?

A

Aid given with certain conditions, eg. Recipient has to spend money on donor country’s products

32
Q

What is voluntary aid?

A

Money donated from general public in richer countries and distributed by NGOs

33
Q

Positives and negatives of aid?

A
  • more money for projects
  • countries rely heavily on it
34
Q

Positives and negatives of trade groups?

A
  • reduces trading costs, meaning more trade can occur
  • countries are toed to certain rules
35
Q

Positives and negatives of fairtrade?

A
  • increases farmers wages and gives bonuses to invest into community projects
  • must agree to farm more environmentally
36
Q

Positives and negatives of investment?

A
  • develops infrastructure and utilities
  • countries may become dependant on it
37
Q

Positives and negatives of debt relief?

A
  • poor countries can invest more in projects
  • country may get into further debt, expect it to be written off and it isn’t
38
Q

Positives and negatives of industrial development?

A
  • more job opportunities and higher wages
  • impacts the environment
39
Q

Positives and negatives of intermediate technology?

A
  • helps communities grow and thrive, more jobs
  • costly to maintain
40
Q

Positives and negatives of microfinance loans?

A
  • helps people set up businesses
  • money may not be used for businesses
41
Q

Positives and negatives of microfinance loans?

A
  • helps people set up businesses
  • money may not be used for businesses
42
Q

What is a tariff?

A

Taxes paid on imports, making imported goods seem less attractive than home produced goods

43
Q

What is a quota?

A

A limit on quantity of goods that can be imported

44
Q

What is the WTO?

A

World trade organisation,
They aim to make trade easier and remove barriers

45
Q

What is an agricultural susbidy?

A

Financial support given by govt. to help their farmers

46
Q

What are trading groups?

A

Countries that group together to increase level of trade between them and discourage trade between non members, eg. EU, ASEAN

47
Q

Advantages of a poor country joining a trading group?

A
  • encourages trade between member nations
  • richer countries can’t shop around for cheaper prices
  • members can command a greater share of market
  • members can get higher prices for goods
48
Q

How has tourism impacted Jamaica?

A
  • huge sector of economy
  • provides ~200,000 jobs
  • helps develop infrastructure
  • farmers benefit by providing for hotels
  • increases QOL
  • can damage environment
49
Q

What is the acronym for describing location?

A

CLOCC

C - continent
L - longitude/latitude
O - oceans/seas
C - countries
C - compass directions

50
Q

Economic significance of Nigeria?

A
  • largest economy in Africa
  • 15th largest global oil producer
  • expected to outpopulate US by 2050
  • manufacturing and agricultural sectors
  • 96% of exports are oil and gas

Geography GCSE (7 decks)

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