Yr 12 Mock Flashcards
Who created the cognitive interview?
Fisher and Geiselman
4 stages of the cognitive interview?
Recalled everything
Context reinstatement
Change order
Change perspective
How does reporting everything improve EWT?
-even recalling information that seems trivial could act as a cue as a lot of memories are interconnected leading to the recollection of another
How does context reinstatement improve EWT?
Re Creating the environment they were in creates a contextual cue
How does changing the order improve EWT?
Information is less likely to be influenced by pre existing schema
How does changing perspective improve EWT?
-telling the story form the criminals perspective for example prevents schema
What is the enhanced cognitive interview?
Using the 4 techniques and conversation skills that aren’t police dominated which could provide misleading information
What did kohnken find?
Meta analysis of 53 studies and found CI increased recall of correct information by 34%
What did kohnken find about ECI?
Recall improved by 81% however he also recorded a 61% recall of false positives
What did geisleman find?
-CI elicited more information that 2 other interview types after participants watched a stimulated crime
What did Mello and fisher find ?
CI was more effective on older men rather than younger men
Evaluate cognitive interview
Overall the findings support that CI is an effective way of improving EWT if resources are available to train officers and optimum participants are used
What did Johnson and Scott find?
-participants could identify the man in a line up 49% of the time if he was holding a pen
-participants could identify the man 33% of the time if he was holding a paper knife covered in blood
What did locus find in regards to weapon focus effect?
He monitored eye movement and found that the presence of a weapon drew attention to this rather than other details which could help explain why participants where unable to recall the man in Johnson’s and Scott’s study
What did Pickel find?
Pickle argued impact of WFE was due to surprise and not anxiety and he found that poorest recall was in high surprise categories rather than high anxiety proving that the presence of a chicken drew more focus away from details compared to the presence of a pair of scissors
What did locus and burns find about anxiety’s effect on EWT?
Participants who witnessed a shotting and experienced high levels of anxiety recalled less information than those with lower anxeity
What does the yerkees Dodson curve state.
Relationship between arousal and performance
-optimal level of anxiety for best recall
What did peters find about anxiety and EWT ?
Tested participants recall when visiting a health care centre
-better able to recognise the researcher in a later test than the nurse who gave them the injection
-high ecological validly
What is the conclusion of EWT ?
All researchers disregard its accuracy due to the effects factors can have ->high interested reliability so this can be improved by cognitive interview
What did research innISA found about EWT?
Main peice of evidence contributing to 10,000 flase guilty verdicts a year
-effects the economy government funding innocent people in prison
What does Anyone Can Create A Social Change stand for ?
Attention
Commitment
Consistency
Augmentation
Snowballing
Convergence
What is a disposition factor?
Internal characteristics that influence behaviour eg personality LOC
What is a situational facto ?
External environment that influences behaviour
Eg milgrams variations
What effect did size of group (situational factor) have on conformity in Aschs line experiment?
1 confederate-> confirmed on 3% of critical trials
3 confederate -conformity dropped to 31%
How many people administered 450V in milgrams study
65% of all men
How many people confirmed in milgrams study when proximity was changed (situational factor) ?
-if recieved orders over phone and far away from researcher
-conformity dropped to 20.5%
How many of aschs critical trials conformed to?
-36.8%
No one confirmed on 100% of trials
Highlighting the extent of independent behaviour
Why did nature of the task effect aches conformity rate?
Trial was tested on male students and the answer was obviously wrong therefore an increase in confidence is an increase in ability to resist pressure.
Downfall of ash ?
Generalised to only males -> shown to be more independent so could be why 25% didn’t conform at all
What did Perrin and Spencer find ?
1 out 396 English engineering students conformed.
This could be due to the easy nature of the task or what they called the Asch effect
Asch effect -> conformity was a result of 1950s society and attitudes apposed to NSI
Studies into conformity?
Asch
Mil grab
Jenness
Perrin and Spencer
Studies into anxiety of EWT?
Deffenchacer
Lofus and burns
Lofus
Peters
Pickel
Johnson and Scott
Research into cognitive interview?
Fisher and geislman
Fisher and mellow
Geislman kohnken
2 explanations for resistance to social influence ?
Locus of control
Personality types
What is a non conformist personality?
People who don’t care or are unaware of social norms so are less likely to adhere to them.
Researchers into animal attachment?
Lorenz
Harlow
Procedures of Lorenz?
-randomly divided gosling eggs
-half hatched w mother in natural environment
-other half in an incubator with Lorenz present
-then recorded behaviour of the gosling afterwards
Outline procedures of Harlow
In a controlled environments isolated 16 monkeys in cages with surrogate mothers
-one made of wire
-one softer and covered in cloth
-crucially good was only provided through wire mother
-he recorded how much time the monkeys spent with each mother
-further went on to record long term effects on how these monkey’s interacted with their offspring
Findings of Harlow ?
Monkey spent most time with cloth mother (22 hrs) and would run to cloth mother when frightened (secure base)
-they had dysfunctional bonding skills when reunited with own species
-some killed their own offsprinfn
Findings of Lorenz?
-imprinting makes sense in terms of survival
Strongest tendency to imprint was between 13-16 hours
-critical window-> not imprinted by 36 hours damage was irreparable
Bowlbys sensitive period
-he argued our need to form attachment was innate and would occur during ages 1-3
-attachments can still form out this period there usually less likely and have weaker effects
Internal working model
Bowlby said early relationships act as a prototype for all future relations
-infants develop schemas from their environment and they will expect similar functions from both childhood and adult relationship
-power of continuity
What are the issues with the internal working model ?
Determinism
-cause and effect is establish as solely down to parenting style-> socially sensitive
What are secure infants a product of ?
Sensitive mothers
What do secure children develop into ?
Confident people
Successful with peers
What are insecure children a product of ?
Unresponsive and inconsistent mothers
Positives of the strange situation?
-high interested reliability with inconsistency of 0.94
-if the test taken to determine attachment type is valid it’s assumed the predictions of adult relationships will be accurate highlighting usefulness of the research
What are the negatives of the strange situation ?
-Assumed attachment types are fixed to all people
-and solely down to parenting style which is socially sensitive
Who made the love quiz?
Shaver and hazan
What was the love quiz ?
A quiz published into USA newspaper
Findings of the love quiz ?
-consistent relationship between early attachment type and later adult styles of romantic love supporting the internal working model
How did divorce rates link to attachment types ?
Divorce rates in insecure attached children were around 50% higher than those securely attached.
Negatives of love quiz?
Collecting data by questioners can be subjected to social desirability bias participants answered how they want to be perceived and not accurately lowering the validity
-data collected is correlational with conclusions being assumption that childhood caused this experience making it harder to establish cause and effect as this can’t ethically be tested
How do animal studies link to future relationships ?
Harlow monkeys -> displayed abnormal social behaviour when returned to own specie s
-dysfunctional bonding and poor maternal instincts with some killing own offspring.
Perhaps suggesting because these monkeys had insecure attachment they had poor relationship skills
Problems with animal studies ?
Can’t be generalised to humans so less reliable
Outline findings into role of father.
Grossman
Schaffer and Emerson
Field
What did grossman find about fathers?
fathers have different roles to mothers focusing on play and stimulation and less on emotional development
What did Schaffer and Emerson find about fathers ?
By 18 moths 76% of infants form an attachment to father
What did feild find about fathers ?
Gender is not a key factor in forming attachment more the level of responsiveness given to a child
Economic impacts of research into role of the father
Fields study highlights the social sensitivity of other researchers which has a positive impact on the economy
-proof that father can form positive attachments and perform role of primary caregiver gives women the choice to return back to work and contribute to the economy
-however this may lead to paternity leave laws meaning fathers spend more time off after birth which is government funded in turn has an impact on economy and employers
What is the definition of failure to function adequately?
Abnormal behaviour is that which causes a person distresses or inability to cope with every day life
Deviation from ideal mental health definition
-a person who fails to meet prescribed criteria for psychological normaility eg accurate perception of reality, resistance to stress and many others
Positive of deviation from ideal mental health ?
List of specific criteria allow a person to focus on help on the criteria they don’t meet that makes them considered abnormal
Negative of deviation from ideal mental health ?
-Criteria is too specific and demanding most people could be judged as abnormal on this definition leading to an inaccurate perception of the number of abnormal people in society
-Definition is generalised and therefore can’t be used universally by psychologists as the criteria is perhaps more specific to western cultures excluding a whole demographic of people
What is reciprocal inhibition?
Two responses are incompatible you can’t be relaxed and stressed at the same time
What is counterconditiong?
Replacing an aversive repsonse with a manageable alternative
-re-neutralising original stimulus
What did smith and glass find ?!
Meta analysis of systematic desensitisation and found it was the most effective form of therapy
What did McGrath find about SD?
It works on 65% of people
7 stages of systematic desensitisation
1) deep muscle relaxation is learnt
2) establish anxiety heirarchy
3)in vitro -> imaginary scenes provoke anxiety
4)if anxiety caused return to relaxation
5) once complete in vivo-> physical exposure to adverse stimulus
6)if anxiety caused return to relaxation
7) repeat until all levels complete and symptoms relieved when exposed to stimuli
Negative of SD?
Can be time consuming if a person needs multiple sessions and training of psychologist is involved which may not be practical if a fear is needed to be overcome quickly
What is flooding?
Patient is directly exposed to stimuli without opportunity of avoidance
Positives of flooding ?
Anxiety reduces
Cost effective
Negatives of flooding ?
No negative reinforcement
Traumatic
Only effective for simple phobias
What are the 3 components of Becks model ?
1)cognitive bias
2) negative self schema
3)cognitive triad
What is cognitive bias ?
-depressed people more likely to focus on the negative aspects of the situation by distorting informationn
What is a negative self schema ?
Children who experienced poor child hood develop poor sense of self leading to traits such as excessive criticism
What is negative triad ?
1) world
2)self
3) future
Despeession is resisted if 2 or more are positive
What is Ellis ABC model ?
A: activating event
B: beliefs -> irrational or rational response
C: consequences-> productive or unproductive
How does Ellis view mental health?
Sees good mental health as a product of rational thought and bad mental health as irrational
Biological explanations of OCD ?
COMPT gene
SERT gene
What does the COMPT gene do?
-produces enzymes responsible for the breakdown of dopamine in the synapse
-mutation increases dopamine which is common in OCD sufferers
What does SERT do ?
Transports serotonin a mutation is related to ocd
How do neurotransmitters such as serotonin cause ocd?
-regulates moods and lowered levels are associated with ocd
What did pigott find?
Found SSRI drugs which increase levels of serotonin in brain as they increase availability of serotonin transmitters
What does basal ganglia do?
-associated with neurological dysfunctions and dopamine regulation.
Role of caudate nuclei ?
Writhing BG and suppresses signals from OFC
What is the role of the OFC ?
-signals thalamus when perceives dangers
-translates information into appropriate responses
-increase in OFC activity converts sensory information into unwanted perceived messages (compulsions)
What did Max et el find?
Found that when BG is disconnected from OFC in surgery OCD symptoms are reduced
