Memory Flashcards
What is forgetting ?
-Phenomenon were Previously stores information or memories become inaccessible or lost iver time
-making it difficult or impossible to retrieve them
What is the phonological loop?
-component of working memory
-responsible for temporary storage and manipulation of auditory and verbal info
-tasks involving language processing
What is a cognitive interview ?
-technique used in forensic psychology
-enhanced the retrieval of accurate information from witnesses or victims of crime.
-involves specific questioning and memory enhancing strategies to improve recall
What is the working memory?
-limited capacity system
-responsible for temporarily holding and processing information needed for tasks such as problem solving and comprehension
-include phonological loop and Visiuospatial sketch pad
What is semantic memory ?
-long term memory system
-responsible for storage of general knowledge and facts about the world
-eg meanings of words and concepts
What is encoding ?
-converting sensory information into a form that the brain can store and use as a memory
-transforms info into a neural code
What’s is the yerkes-Dodson curve?
-graphical representation to illustrate the relationship between arousal and performance
-suggest at there is an optimum level of arousal for peak performance
-very low/ high arousal can hinder performance
What is the weapon foxus effect ?
-psychological phenomenon where the presence of a weapon in a criminal event draws witnesses attention, at the expense of other details
-decreased accuracy in recalling aspects of the event
What is elaborative rehearsal?
-memory strategy
-involved actively engaging with information
-making meaningful connections to existing knowledge and new information
-enhances encoding and retention
What is state-dependent forgetting ?
-when retrieval of information is influenced by someone’s physiological or psychological state
-retrieval is more efficient If a persons state at retrieval matches their state of encoding
What is retroactive interference?
-newly acquired information disrupts the re call or retention of previously learnt information
What is displacement?
-where new information pushes out or replaces older information in the short term memory
-happens when the capacity of STM is exceeded
What was Peterson and Peterson aim?
Investigate how long we hold information short term memory
What’s Peterson and Petersons procedure?
-read 3 letters with no meaning for a short moment. (NONSENCE TRIGRAM)
-they then have to immediately count back in 3’a from a random number to prevent rehearsal
Peterson and Peterson findings
-85% recalled the trigrams after 3 seconds
-less than 10% recalled correctly after 18 seconds
-less remembered after longer intervals
Peterson and Peterson conclusion
Information can be held in the STM for 18s
Positives of Peterson and petersons experiment
-conducted in lab -> variables controlled
-cause and effect clearly established
-exact procedures was kept so the experiment is easily replicable increasing reliability
What did Marsh do that comteracts Peterson and Peterson?
- argued participants knew they were having to remember trigrams before hand so the information was not only in their STM
-in their experiment participants had no prior knowledge
FINDINGS: forgetting occurred in 2 seconds in some cases, suggesting overall time is lower than P&P said
How does Peterson and Peterson lack ecological validity?
Methods used to conduct research don’t occur in daily tasks so findings won’t reflect real life situations
How does Peterson and Peterson lack experimental validity?
Earlier trigrams may interfere with memorising new trigrams PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
Why is a lab experiment bad in Peterson and Peterson?
Artificial and meaningless so participants may put in less effort
What was Millers aim ?
Investigate how much information STM can hold at one time (CAPACITY)
What was millers procedure ?
-digit spam technique-> participants were presented a row of random digits
-amount increased until they could no longer repeat them back in order correctly
