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Biology Yr11 > Yr 11 January Exams > Flashcards

Yr 11 January Exams Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the structure of a plant cell?

A
  • nucleus
  • cell membrane
  • cell wall
  • vacuole
  • chloroplasts
  • cytoplasm
  • nuclear membrane
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1
Q

What is the structure of an animal cell?

A
  • nucleus
  • membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • nuclear membrane
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2
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

Magnification = Observed Size
—————– OR Objective Lens X Eye lens
Actual Size

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3
Q

Structure of Bacterial cells?

A
  • loop of DNA
  • plasmids
  • cell membrane
  • non cellulose cell wall
  • cytoplasm
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4
Q

Do Bacterial Cells contain chromosomes?

A

No

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5
Q

Animals grow evenly throughout the body. Plants don’t, they grow in regions called….?

A

Apices

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6
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Very simple and undifferentiated cells in found in young animal embryos

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7
Q

How to get micro metres?

A

Mm divided by 1000

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8
Q

What are the levels of organisation in organisms?

A

Cells - Tissues - Organs - Organ Systems - Organism

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9
Q

What does selectively permeable mean?

A

Some substances can pass through but others can’t

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10
Q

What does fully permeable mean?

A

All substances can pass through

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11
Q

What is diffusion?

A

When molecules in a region of high concentration move to an area of low concentration

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12
Q

Name the 3 factors which affect the rate of diffusion?

A
  • size of molecules
  • temperature of substance
  • concentration gradient
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13
Q

Why do you place the leaf in boiling water in a starch test to see if light is needed for photosynthesis?

A

To kill the leaf and stop chemical reactions

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14
Q

Why do you boil the leaf in ethanol in the starch test to see if light is needed for photosynthesis?

A

To remove the green pigment, chlorophyll

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15
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?

A

The chloroplasts

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16
Q

Word equation for Photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophyll
CO2 + Water ———–> Glucose + Oxygen
Light

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17
Q

How do carbon dioxide and oxygen enter and leave the leaf?

A

Carbon dioxide enters the stomata and diffuses in the small air spaces in to the palisade mesophyll layer. Photosynthesis occurs and oxygen leaves through the stomata through diffusion.

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18
Q

Do stomata stay open all day and night?

A

No, the guard cells change shape and close the stoma during the night

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19
Q

How is the leaf adapted for light absorption?

A
  • short distance between bottom and top of leaf so all cells receive light
  • large surface area
  • transparent waxy cuticle
  • palisade mesophyll is tightly packed with tall thin cells
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20
Q

Word equation for respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen —-> CO2 + Water + Energy

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21
Q

Name the 3 things the products of photosynthesis can be used for?

A
  • respiration
  • storage
  • growth
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22
Q

In some experiments to prove carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis, what chemical would they add in a flask with a leaf in it?

A

Sodium Hydroxide ( Soda Lime ) which removes CO2

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23
Q

Higher light intensity _________? the rate of photosynthesis

A

Increases

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24
Q

Higher temperature decreases rate of photosynthesis. True or False?

A

False

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25
Q

Higher CO2 increases the rate of photosynthesis. True or False?

A

True

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26
Q

What is the compensation point?

A

Where both rates of respiration and photosynthesis are equal

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27
Q

When does the compensation point naturally occur?

A

Dusk and Dawn

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28
Q

Hydrogen Carbonate indicator is red. When CO2 levels increase, what colour does it turn?

A

Yellow

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29
Q

Hydrogen Carbonate is red. When CO2 levels decrease, what colour does it turn?

A

Purple

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30
Q

How to calculate energy in food?

A

Mass of water (g) X temp. rise (°C) X 4.2
Energy (J) = ———————————————
Mass of food sample (g)

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31
Q

How to calculate amount of Vit C in fruit juice sample?

A

Volume (ml) standard ascorbic acid solution X 1%
Vitamin C (g) = ——————————————————–
Volume (ml) of fruit juice sample

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32
Q

What is BMI?

A

Body Mass Index ratio

Height in metres squared

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33
Q

What is your BMR?

A

Basal Metabolic Rate, a measure of minimum energy expenditure when someone is inactive.

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34
Q

How to calculate number of calories needed to maintain current weight?

A

BMR X Activity Levels

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35
Q

Name the 3 main functions of food?

A
  • energy
  • growth and repair
  • protection
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36
Q

Name the 7 main nutrients?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • fats
  • proteins
  • fibre
  • water
  • vitamins C + D
  • minerals
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37
Q

What elements are present in Carbohydrates, Fat and Fibre?

A
  • Carbon
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen
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38
Q

What elements are present in protein?

A
  • Carbon
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen
  • nitrogen
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39
Q

1g protein gives?
1g fat gives?
1g fat gives?

A
  • 17kJ
  • 38kJ
  • 17kJ
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40
Q

Energy requirements depend on what 3 factors?

A
  • age
  • gender
  • activity levels
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41
Q

Name reagent for starch test?

A

Iodine

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42
Q

Name reagent for Benedict’s Test?

A

Benedict’s Solution

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43
Q

Name reagent for Buirets Test?

A

A mixture of copper sulphate and sodium hydroxide

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44
Q

What does Buirets test, test for?

A

Protein

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45
Q

Reagent for Emulsion test?

A

Ethanol

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46
Q

What does Emulsion test, test for?

A

Fat

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47
Q

Name reagent for DCPIP test?

A

DCPIP

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48
Q

What does DCPIP test, test for?

A

Vitamin C

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49
Q

What colour does iodine turn when starch is present?

A

From yellow/brown to Blue/black

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50
Q

What colour does Benedict’s solution turn when sugar is present?

A

Blue to green to orange to Brick Red Precipitation

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51
Q

What colour does Buirets test reagent turn when protein is present?

A

Blue to Purple

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52
Q

What colour does ethanol turn when fat is present?

A

A white emulsion forms at top of solution

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53
Q

What colour does DCPIP turn when Vitamin C is present?

A

From blue to Pink to colourless

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54
Q

Name 6 health problems caused by poor diets?

A
  • obesity
  • heart disease
  • stroke
  • arthritis
  • high blood pressure
  • diabetes
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55
Q

What is digestion?

A

The breaking down of large insoluble molecules in to smaller soluble molecules

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56
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Taking food in to the alimentary canal through the mouth

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57
Q

What is absorption?

A

The passage of small soluble molecules along the wall of the intestine in to the blood stream

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58
Q

What is Assimilation?

A

Digested food molecules absorbed in to cells

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59
Q

What is egestion?

A

When undigested food passes out of the anus

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60
Q

What two types of digestion occur when food enters the mouth?

A

Physical and Chemical

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61
Q

How does chewing help digestion?

A

Breaks up food, increasing surface area for enzyme action

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62
Q

What is the function of saliva?

A
  • It lubricates the food, making it easy to swallow

- it contains amylase which breaks up insoluble starch molecules in to glucose

63
Q

What is Peristalsis?

A

When muscles contract in a wave like movement forcing the food down to the stomach.

64
Q

What is chyme?

A

When linings of the stomach have contracted rhythmically, churning the food in to a thick liquid called Chyme

65
Q

Gastric Juice is produced in the linings of the stomach. What enzyme and acid does it contain?

A
  • protease (pepsin)

- Hydrochloric Acid which boosts the functioning of protease enzymes and kills any potentially dangerous micro organisms

66
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

It is the beginning of the small intestine

67
Q

What is the ileum?

A

The entire small intestine except for the beginning of it, the duodenum

68
Q

What 3 solutions are secreted upon food in the duodenum?

A
  • pancreatic juice
  • intestinal juice
  • bile
69
Q

What enzymes does pancreatic juice contain?

A
  • amylase
  • protease
  • lipase
  • carbohydrase
70
Q

Intestinal Juice has the same enzymes as Pancreatic Juice. True or False?

A

True

71
Q

What are the 2 functions of bile in the duodenum?

A
  • alkaline, neutralises acidic solution from stomach

- it emulsifies large fat globules, in to small fat globules to increase surface area for lipase enzymes

72
Q

What 3 enzymes are lastly secreted in the Ileum?

A
  • protease
  • amylase
  • lipase
73
Q

How do the small molecules of fat, glucose, amino acids, etc. get absorbed by the intestinal walls in the Ileum?

A

Diffusion

74
Q

What are the 3 adaptions of the small intestine?

A
  • large surface area
  • good blood supply
  • thin and permeable membranes
75
Q

What enzyme breaks down the substrate Starch?

A

Amylase

76
Q

What enzyme breaks down the substrate Protein?

A

Protease

77
Q

What enzyme breaks down the substrate Lipids or Fat?

A

Lipase

78
Q

What enzyme breaks down the substrate Carbohydrate?

A

Carbohydrase

79
Q

What does Starch break down in to after a Catabolic reaction?

A

Glucose

80
Q

What does Protein break down in to after a Catabolic Reaction?

A

Amino Acids

81
Q

What do Lipids break down in to after a Catabolic Reaction?

A

Fatty Acids and Glycerol

82
Q

What do Carbohydrates break down in to after a Catabolic Reaction?

A

Sugars

83
Q

What are Enzymes?

A

Enzymes are proteins that act as Biological Catalysts that speed up biological reactions

84
Q

What is the active site of an enzyme?

A

Where the enzyme reacts upon the substrate

85
Q

What is the Lock and Key theory?

A

It proposes that any of enzymes active site is complementary to the shape of only one specific substrate, eg. Starch

86
Q

What are Extra Cellular enzymes?

A

These enzymes leave the cell and do its job outside it

87
Q

What are intra cellular enzymes?

A

These enzymes do their job inside the cell and do not leave it

88
Q

What are the 4 factors that can effect enzyme speed or efficiency?

A
  • Temperature
  • Enzyme Concentration
  • Substrate concentration
  • pH
89
Q

What is the Optimum pH/ Temp. of an enzyme?

A

This is the point where the enzyme will operate best at, but any higher or lower temp./ pH will decrease the efficiency of the enzyme

90
Q

What is the optimum Enzyme Concentration/ Substrate Concentration of an enzyme?

A

This is the point where increasing the Enzyme/ Substrate concentration will have no effect on the speed at which the enzymes operate. Decreasing the concentration will decrease the speed though

91
Q

What does the term Thermostable mean?

A

It can work over a wide range of temperatures

92
Q

Name 1 commercial use of an enzyme?

A

Biological Washing powders

93
Q

What is the function of the Intercostal Muscles?

A

They help the rib cage move while breathing

94
Q

What is the function of the Pleural Fluid?

A

Reduces friction between lungs and ribs

95
Q

What is the point of the nasal cavity?

A

To warm and moisten the air

96
Q

What is the function of the rings of cartilage in the trachea and bronchi?

A

They support the trachea and bronchi and keep them open

97
Q

What is the function of the alveoli?

A

Gas exchange

98
Q

Name the 6 adaptations of the Alveoli?

A
  • Large surface area
  • Good blood supply
  • Thin
  • Moist
  • Permeable
  • Diffusion Gradient
99
Q

ADAPTATIONS OF ALVEOLI

Why is having thin walls on the alveoli beneficial for gas exchange?

A

Provides a short diffusion distance

100
Q

ADAPTATIONS OF ALVEOLI

Why is having a moist surface area around the alveoli beneficial for gas exchange?

A

The gases dissolve in the mixture, helping them diffuse through the alveoli walls and in to the capillaries

101
Q

ADAPTATIONS OF THE ALVEOLI

Why is having a good blood supply beneficial for gas exchange?

A

Helps maintain the diffusion gradient of the two gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide

102
Q

ADAPTATIONS OF THE ALVEOLI

Why is maintaining a diffusion gradient beneficial for gas exchange?

A

This encourages oxygen to diffuse in to the capillaries and carbon dioxide to diffuse in the alveoli

103
Q

What colour does limewater turn when carbon dioxide is present?

A

Milky/ cloudy

104
Q

What colour does Hydrogen Carbonate indicator turn when Carbon dioxide is added?

A

Red to yellow when added

Red to purple when removed

105
Q

What is the equation for Aerobic Respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen —-> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

106
Q

What is the Chemical Equation for Aerobic Respiration?

A

C6 H10 O6 + 6 O2 —–> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

107
Q

What is the equation for Anaerobic Respiration?

A

Glucose —-> Alcohol + Carbon Dioxide + Small amount of energy

108
Q

What is the difference between Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration includes the use of oxygen, but Anaerobic only uses Glucose to create a small amount of energy

109
Q

Is water produced in Anaerobic Respiration?

A

No, alcohol is

110
Q

What acid builds up in the muscles during Anaerobic Respiration?

A

Lactate ( Lactic Acid )

111
Q

What 2 communication systems exist in the body?

A

The Nervous System and the Hormonal System

112
Q

What does responding to the environment through the nervous system require?

A

A co-ordinator ( Brain or Spinal Cord)

113
Q

What is the chain of reacting to the environment?

A

Stimulus —> Receptor —-> Co ordinator —-> Effector —-> Response

114
Q

What is the difference between a voluntary and involuntary response?

A

A voluntary response requires conscious thought, but an involuntary response doesn’t require conscious thought

115
Q

What three neurones are involved in a reflex action? Name them in order

A
  • Sensory Neurone
  • Association Neurone
  • Motor Neurone
116
Q

How neurones transmit between synapses?

A

The diffusion of transmitter chemicals

117
Q

Name the three ways neurones are specialised for their function?

A
  • Long
  • Branched ends
  • Have an insulating sheath
118
Q

What is the function of the Conjunctiva?

A

It’s a thin protective outer cover

119
Q

What is the function of the Cornea?

A

Transparent part of eye that allows light to enter. Also slightly refracts light

120
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

Controls how much light enters the pupil

121
Q

What is the function of the lens?

A

Refracts light in order to focus image

122
Q

What is the function of the Ciliary muscle?

A

Changes the shape of the lens. Connected to lens by Suspensory Ligaments

123
Q

What is the function of the Suspensory ligaments?

A

They change the shape of the lens, and connect the lens to the Ciliary Muscles

124
Q

What is the function of the retina?

A

Light sensitive cells are found here, which detect image

125
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve?

A

Contains neurones which send information to the brain

126
Q

What is the function of the Aqueous Humour?

A

Watery fluid between cornea and lens. Keeps pressure right

127
Q

What is the function of the Vitreous Humour?

A

Jelly like fluid between lens and retina. Keeps the eye’s spherical shape

128
Q

Describe light rays coming from a distant and a near object?

A 
Distant = Parallel
Near = Diverging
129
Q

Describe Ciliary Muscles with a distant object and a near object?

A 
Distant = Relax
Near = Contract
130
Q

Describe Suspensory ligaments with distant object and near object?

A 
Distant = pull on lens
Near = Slack
131
Q

Describe lens shape with a distant object and a near object?

A 
Distant = Thin
Near = Thick
132
Q

Why does a pupil dilate and constrict depending on light intensity?

A

Too little or too much light prevents image being produced

133
Q

What two muscles are in the iris?

A

The Circular and the Radial Muscles

134
Q

Describe Circular muscles in iris with bright light and dim light?

A 
Bright = Contract
Dim = Relax
135
Q

Describe Radial muscles in iris with bright light and dim light?

A 
Bright = Relax
Dim = Contract
136
Q

What is the pupillary reflex?

A

An automatic reaction which changes the size of the pupil

137
Q

What are Hormones?

A

Chemicals produced by special glands that are released in to the blood

138
Q

Are hormones a slow or fast reaction?

A

Slow

139
Q

What hormone prevents blood glucose levels going too high?

A

Insulin

140
Q

Where is insulin produced?

A

Pancreas

141
Q

What 2 things does insulin do to reduce Blood Glucose levels?

A
  • Converts glucose in to glycogen, which is stored in the liver
  • Increase respiration in the liver
142
Q

What hormone, produced in the pancreas, is produced when blood glucose levels are falling?

A

Glucagon

143
Q

What does Glucagon do to increase blood glucose levels?

A

Converts Glycogen in to Glucose

144
Q

What is the Negative Feedback System?

A

When the two hormones, Insulin and Glucagon are produced according to blood glucose levels, so as to keep the glucose levels at a normal level

145
Q

What is Diabetes?

A

This is when someone can’t produce Insulin

146
Q

What 4 symptoms do Diabetics experience?

A
  • High blood glucose levels
  • Glucose present in urine
  • Often thirsty
  • Lethargy
147
Q

What is a Hypoglycaemic attack?

A

A symptom that occurs when blood glucose levels drop too far

148
Q

Name 4 long term complications for people who have had Diabetes for a long time?

A
  • Eye damage
  • Heart disease
  • Strokes
  • Kidney Damage
149
Q

What is Phototropism?

A

When a plant bends towards light

150
Q

What are the benefits of Phototropism?

A

More Light, More Photosynthesis, More Growth

151
Q

What part of the plant is sensitive to light, and detects which way to bend?

A

The tip of the plant

152
Q

When the plant bends, what is causing the to happen? What Hormone is responsible?

A

Cell elongation, caused by the hormone Auxin

153
Q

What is the proper term for the type of growth the plant is carrying out during Phototropism and Cell elongation?

A

Differential Growth

154
Q

Name the 4 commercial uses of plant hormones?

A
  • Weedkillers
  • Flower and fruit formation
  • Rooting Powder
  • Tissue Culture
155
Q

Name the adaptations of the Villi in the Ileum?

A
  • Large Surface Area for absorption
  • Good Blood Supply ( Maintains diffusion gradient )
  • Thin permeable membranes ( easier/ short diffusion distance)
  • Lacteal able to absorb fatty acids and glycerol

Biology Yr11 (2 decks)

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