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Biology Yr11 > Topic 7 - January Yr12 > Flashcards

Topic 7 - January Yr12 Flashcards

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1
Q

How to measure Light?

A

Light meter

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2
Q

How to measure Temperature?

A

Thermometer

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3
Q

How to measure wind speed?

A

Anemometer

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4
Q

How to measure pH?

A

pH meter

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5
Q

What 3 ways can substances move in and out of cells?

A

Diffusion
Active Uptake
Osmosis

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6
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

The movement of water molecules from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution through a selectively permeable membrane

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7
Q

What happens if cells lose too much water?

A

They become plasmolysed and shrivel up

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8
Q

What happens if cells get too much water?

A

They swell and burst

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9
Q

What happens when Plant Cells lose water?

A

They become plasmolysed and lose their turgor, becoming flaccid

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10
Q

What 4 reasons make water very important for plants?

A

Support
Transport
Transpiration
Photosynthesis

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11
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Evaporation of water from spongy mesophyll followed by diffusion through air spaces and stomata

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12
Q

What is the Transpiration stream?

A

The continuous movement of water in to, through and out of the plant

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13
Q

How to measure speed of water uptake with Bubble Potometer?

A

Record initial position of bubble
After a certain period of time, record final position of bubble
Calculate distance moved by bubble per minute

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14
Q

What 4 environmental factors affect transpiration rates?

A

Temperature
Wind speed
Humidity
Surface area

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15
Q

How to measure effect of Temperature on Transpiration rate using Bubble Potometer?

A

Place the shoot in areas where the temperature differs

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16
Q

How to measure effect of Wind Speed on Transpiration rate using Bubble Potometer?

A

Using a fan with different settings

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17
Q

How to measure effect of Humidity on Transpiration rate using Bubble Potometer?

A

Cover the shoot with a polystyrene bag

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18
Q

How to measure effect of Surface Area on Transpiration rate using Bubble Potometer?

A

Have shoots with different sizes or number of leaves

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19
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the Circulatory System?

A

Transport of materials

Protection against disease

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20
Q

What is plasma?

A

Plasma is the liquid part of the blood

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21
Q

What 5 things does plasma transport?

A 
Cells
Digested food molecules
CO2
Hormones
Urea
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22
Q

What is the function of the Hepatic portal vein?

A

Transports dissolved food from intestine to liver

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23
Q

Heart disease cause, result?

A
  • Coronary arteries blocked by high cholesterol

- Less oxygen and glucose to heart; less respiration; heart cells die; heart stops beating

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24
Q

Strokes cause, result?

A
  • Blood vessel in brain blocked with cholesterol

- Less oxygen and glucose to brain; less respiration; brain cells die; reduced brain/body function

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25
Q

What 2 types of factors increase chances of circulatory disorders?

A

Genetic

Lifestyle

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26
Q

How does plasma convert to tissue fluid to lymph to plasma?

A

Plasma diffuses through capillary walls, in to tissue, becomes tissue fluid. Tissue fluid too far away from capillary, diffuses in to Lymphatic vessels, becomes lymph. Eventually drains back in to circulatory system, becomes plasma

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27
Q

Give 3 bacterium?

A
  • Salmonella
  • Gonorrhoea
  • Tuberculosis
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28
Q

Give 3 viruses?

A
  • HIV
  • Measles
  • Influenza
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29
Q

Give a fungi?

A

Athletes foot

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30
Q

How does salmonella spread? How is prevented or treated?

A
  • Contaminated food
  • Cook food thoroughly
  • Antibiotics
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31
Q

How does gonorrhea spread? How is prevented or treated?

A
  • Sexual contact
  • Using a condom
  • Antiobiotics
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32
Q

How does tuberculosis spread? How is prevented or treated?

A
  • Droplet Infection
  • BCG Vaccination
  • Antiobiotics
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33
Q

How does HIV spread? How is prevented or treated?

A
  • Exchange of body fluids
  • Using a condom
  • No cure
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34
Q

How does measles spread? How is prevented or treated?

A
  • Droplet infection
  • Prevented by MMR vaccination
  • No treatment
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35
Q

How does influenza spread? How is prevented or treated?

A
  • Droplet infection
  • Flu vaccination
  • Antivirals
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36
Q

How does athletes foot spread? How is prevented or treated?

A
  • Contact
  • Avoid contact of areas where spores are likely
  • No treatment
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37
Q

Give 3 conditions microbes need to survive?

A
  • Energy
  • Oxygen
  • Moisture
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38
Q

Who was Louis Pasteur? What did he do?

A

Scientist who disproved theory of Spontaneous Generation

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39
Q

Give 3 defences your body has against infection by microbes?

A

Blood clotting
Mucous membranes
Anti septic fluid in eyes

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40
Q

Give the 2 types of white blood cell?

A

Phagocyte

Lymphocyte

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41
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

This is when a phagocyte engulfs and digests microbes using enzymes

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42
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

They detect antigens on microbes and produce antibodies in response

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43
Q

What are antibodies?

A

These are produced by lymphocytes and attach to antigens on microbes.

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44
Q

What 2 things can antibodies do?

A
  • Burst the microbe

- Clump microbes together for phagocytosis

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45
Q

What are memory cells?

A

They are produced by white blood cells which remain in the persons blood for the rest of their life, making them immune to a particular disease after infection

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46
Q

What is immunity?

A

This means their antibody level is high enough, or can be produced to a high enough level quickly, to destroy a certain microorganism should it enter the body

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47
Q

What is active immunity and name 2 ways it can be achieved?

A

Active immunity is when a persons antibody levels reach a high enough level to destroy a certain microorganism, and remain high enough to destroy it if a re infection occurs in the close future

  • Infection
  • Vaccines
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48
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

This is when dead or modified pathogens are injected into the body. Antibodies are produced and the pathogens are destroyed. Memory cells are then created and now the person is actively immune to that particular microbe

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49
Q

What is Passive Immunity?

A

When you are given antibodies and become immune, rather than have the body produce them like in Active Immunity

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50
Q

Give 2 problems with passive immunity?

A
  • Only short term immunity achieved, antibody levels drop quickly
  • No memory cells produced
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51
Q

Give 3 ways passive immunity can be achieved?

A
  • Injections
  • Pregnant mothers placenta
  • Breast Feeding
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52
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Antibiotics are chemicals produced by fungi which can be used to combat bacterial infections

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53
Q

Who discovered antibiotics?

A

Alexander Fleming

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54
Q

What are antibiotics like penicillin produced in?

A

Bio digester / Fermenter

55
Q

How is penicillin manufactured and produced?

A

The product in the fermenter is collected and downstreamed. Which involves extracting the product, purifying it and then packaging it for sale

56
Q

Give 3 harms of alcohol?

A

Drink driving
Violence
Absence from work or school

57
Q

Give 2 harms of drugs?

A

Can lead to taking more hardcore drugs

Overdose can cause death

58
Q

How is the brain affected by alcohol?

A

Slowed down reactions and lack of self control

59
Q

How is the liver affected by alcohol?

A

Burns up alcohol in blood, but can be permanently damaged or even result in organ failure

60
Q

Effects of alcohol on stomach?

A

Irritates it and causes vomiting

61
Q

What is DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

62
Q

What is a gene?

A

A short length of DNA that codes for a particular protein or certain characteristics

63
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Chromosomes are made out of a molecule called Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA. They are located in the nucleus of living cells

64
Q

What is DNA made out of?

A

Nucleotides, which are repeating sub units which are linked together in a long chain

65
Q

Give the 4 bases found in DNA?

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
66
Q

What does Thymine always pair up with?

A

Adenine

67
Q

What does Adenine always pair up with?

A

Thymine

68
Q

What does Cytosine always pair up with?

A

Guanine

69
Q

What does Guanine always pair up with?

A

Cytosine

70
Q

When each base joins with a complementary base, what is this known as?

A

Base pairing

71
Q

What is base triplet and what does it do?

A

A sequence of 3 bases on the coding strand of DNA forms a base triplet. This codes for a particular amino acid

72
Q

What is Protein Synthesis?

A

This is when proteins are made by linking together in a chain of amino acids

73
Q

What did Chargaff discover?

A

There was always an equal amount of Adenine and Thymine, and an equal amount of Cytosine and Guanine in DNA

74
Q

What did Franklin and Williams discover?

A

Using X Ray Diffraction, they were able to work out the overall shape of DNA

75
Q

What did Watson and Crick discover?

A

Using a process of modelling, they determined that DNA was shaped in double helix

76
Q

Give 3 ways to measure growth other than mass and height?

A

Cell length
Number of cells
Dry mass

77
Q

What are daughter cells?

A

New cells that are produced by cell division

78
Q

Name the 2 forms of cell division?

A

Mitosis

Meiosis

79
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

A type of cell division that allows organisms to grow, repair and replace. The daughter cells produced always have the same genetic makeup as the parent cells

80
Q

What must occur before any type of cell division?

A

Each chromosome must replicate itself. The copy will lie joined to the parent chromosome at a point called the centromere. This is now called a pair of chromatids

81
Q

After the chromosomes have replicated and become a pair of chromatids, what happens next on the process of mitosis? (4 steps)

A
  • Chromatids line up at equator of cell
  • Chromatids now separate and are pulled to opposite sides of the cell
  • Once chromatids reach the side of the cell, the cell divides in two
  • New daughter cells contain exact same genetic makeup
82
Q

After the chromosomes have replicated and become a pair of chromatids, what happens next on the process of meiosis?

A
  • Chromatids line up in equator of cell
  • Chromatids separate to opposite sides of the cell and the cell divides
  • 2nd division occurs, as chromatids of daughter cells line up at equator again
  • Each individual chromatid is separated from its paired up chromatid, and cell divides
  • New cells formed each with only 23 chromosomes. These cells are now called gametes
83
Q

What is the diploid number?

A

46 chromosomes

84
Q

What is the haploid number?

A

23 chromosomes

85
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A sex cell produced in sexual organs through meiosis, each gamete only containing 23 chromosomes

86
Q

Name the 2 sexual organs where meiosis occurs?

A

Testis

Ovaries

87
Q

Give an alternate name for meiosis?

A

Reduction Division

88
Q

What is Independent Assortment?

A

This is when pairs of chromosomes randomly line up in the middle of the cell before the first division in meiosis and separate, and since there are 23 pairs of chromosomes, there are millions of potential chromosome combinations that could be produced

89
Q

What does independent assortment help achieve?

A

Variation in offspring

90
Q

Give 3 differences between meiosis and mitosis?

A
  • Mitosis occurs in nearly all body cells, while meiosis only occurs in sex organs
  • Mitosis only has 1 cell division, but meiosis has 2 cell divisions
  • Mitosis produces daughter cells with the same genetic makeup as the parent cells, but meiosis produces daughter cells with a unique genetic makeup
91
Q

What is Fertilisation?

A

This is when a sperm cell ( gamete ) and an ovum ( gamete ) fuse together and restore the diploid number of chromosomes

92
Q

What type of reproduction occurs in plants?

A

Asexual

93
Q

Describe reproduction in plants?

A
  • It is asexual
  • Only one parent is involved, and the cells from the parent simply duplicate themselves through mitosis to form a new individual
  • This is also referred to as cloning as the new individual and the parent have the same genetic makeup
94
Q

Give 2 advantages of plant cloning?

A
  • Allows only desirable characteristics to be produced

- Tissue culture and produce disease free varieties

95
Q

Give 2 disadvantages of plant cloning?

A
  • Lack of variation can make plants susceptible to infection

- Natural selection cannot favour the best adapted, as they are all equally adapted

96
Q

What is Cancer?

A

This is when rumours are created in uncontrollable cell division

97
Q

Give the 2 types of tumours?

A
  • Benign, remain in one place and don’t spread, may be encapsulated
  • Malignant, may spread around body, create secondary tumours
98
Q

Give 3 causes of cancer?

A

UV Radiation
Chemicals in cigarette smoke
Viruses

99
Q

Give 3 cancers which can be screened for?

A

Breast Cancer
Cervical Cancer
Testicular Cancer

100
Q

Give 3 treatments of cancer?

A

Surgery
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy

101
Q

What is an allele?

A

A particular form of gene, it may be recessive or dominant

102
Q

What is a homozygous genotype?

A

When the 2 alleles for a particular gene are the same

103
Q

What is a heterozygous genotype?

A

When the 2 alleles are different

104
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The paired symbols for allele arrangement in an individual

105
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The outward appearance of an individual due to the genotype of a characteristic

106
Q

How can you determine the genotype of an individual?

A

Back cross test is carried out. Cross breed with homozygous recessive individual. Examine the offspring. Determine genotype based on ratio of offspring

107
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A complete set of chromosomes

108
Q

A genotype of XX in an individual means they are what gender?

A

Female

109
Q

A genotype of XY in an individual means they are what gender?

A

Male

110
Q

Give an example of an inherited disease?

A

Cystic Fibrosis

111
Q

Give 2 effects of a random mutation in DNA?

A
  • Change in structure of a gene

- Change in number of chromosomes

112
Q

A change in the number of chromosomes could cause?

A

Down syndrome

113
Q

A change in the structure of a gene could cause?

A

Haemophilia

114
Q

What is a genetic screening?

A

Testing people for the presence of a particular allele or genetic condition

115
Q

Why is a genetic screening used?

A

To possibly reduce possibility of disease or conditions caused by problems with chromosomes or genes

116
Q

What method is used to screen for Down syndrome in foetus?

A

Amniocentesis

117
Q

Describe amniocentesis? ( 3 steps )

A
  • Removing some foetal cells from the amniotic fluid surrounding the baby
  • Allowing foetal cells to multiply in lab conditions
  • Checking number of chromosomes in foetal cells
118
Q

Give 3 ethical issues with genetic screening?

A
  • If a test for Down syndrome is positive, should the mother have an abortion?
  • Amniocentesis carries a 1% risk of miscarriage
  • Should parents be allowed to choose to screen or not?
119
Q

What is Genetic Engineering?

A

This usually involves taking a piece of DNA from a donor organism and adding it to some DNA of a recipient organism

120
Q

Give 2 reasons Why bacteria is usually used for genetic engineering?

A
  • Bacterial cells easily manipulated

- Bacterial cells reproduce rapidly

121
Q

How is insulin genetically engineered? ( 7 steps )

A
  • Scientists cut out the insulin coding gene out of human DNA using restriction enzymes
  • A plasmid is removed from bacterial cell and cut upon using restriction enzymes
  • Insulin coding gene joined with plasmid using different enzymes
  • Modified plasmid re inserted to bacterial cell, which is now genetically modified
  • Bacteria are cultured in fermenters
  • Bacteria multiply
  • Insulin secreted in to solution which bacteria are growing in, and is then extracted
122
Q

What are restriction enzymes?

A

These are enzymes used to cut DNA in a way that the 2 strands of DNA removed from the chromosome will overlap. The longer strand, known as the sticky end will attach to the sticky end of another strand, through base pairing.

123
Q

In what 2 scenarios is down streaming used?

A
  • Insulin production

- Penicillin manufacturing

124
Q

Give 3 reasons why down streaming can be expensive and time consuming?

A
  • Very small microbes/chemicals involved
  • High tech equipment needed
  • Skilled technicians/scientists needed
125
Q

Give 3 advantages of genetically engineered insulin?

A
  • Can produce human insulin
  • No allergies or side effects
  • Can be produced in larger quantities
126
Q

What is a fertilised egg known as?

A

A zygote

127
Q

Describe process after fertilisation? ( 4 steps )

A
  • Zygote travels down oviduct and divides through mitosis, to form embryo
  • Embryo implants in uterus wall. Thick wall holds and nourishes the embryo
  • The embryo differentiates to produce variety of tissues and organs
  • Embryo forms in to foetus
128
Q

What is the function of the umbilical vein?

A

Carries substances from mother to foetus

129
Q

What is the function of the umbilical artery?

A

Carries substances from foetus to mother

130
Q

Give 3 ways placenta is adapted for diffusion?

A

Large surface area
Good blood supply
Thin membranes

131
Q

Name 3 types of contraception?

A
  • Mechanical
  • Chemical
  • Surgical
132
Q

Give an example of mechanical contraception? Advantages and disadvantages?

A
  • Condom
  • Protects against STD’s
  • Unreliable if not used properly
133
Q

Give an example of chemical contraception? Advantages and disadvantages?

A
  • Contraceptive pill
  • Very reliable
  • Can have side effects eg. Weight gain
134
Q

Give an example of surgical contraception? Advantages and disadvantages?

A
  • Vasectomy
  • Virtually 100% reliable
  • Very difficult/impossible to reverse

Biology Yr11 (2 decks)

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