Youth subcultures

Question 1

initiation ceremonies

Answer 1

childhood ends and adulthood begins
often involve rituals to test whether the child is read for adulthood

Question 2

youth

Answer 2

12-25
rebellion
social construct

Question 3

example of initiation ceremonies

Answer 3

males in the Hamar tribe in Ethiopia must run across the backs of cattle to show they are ready for adulthood

Question 4

Reasons youth has changer over time

Answer 4

-the extension of compulsory education delayed young peoples entry to full time work
-the expansion of mass media led to young people wanting to emulate their ideas and dress/act in a different way to their parents

Question 5

What is youth characterised by

Answer 5

-distinct norms and values
-difference in responsibilities
-importance of peer groups

Question 6

distinct norms and values

Answer 6

• more rebelious
  -fashion/street wear
  -house,rap music
  -interested in social media (Prensky)
  -exploring identities more

Question 7

importance of peer group

Answer 7

-desire to conform
-spend alot of time with them
-source of rebellion
-hierarchies
-shared norms and values

Question 8

difference in responsibilities

Answer 8

-driving
-no bills
-part time employment
-social life
-uni
-no children
-school
-more responsibilities

Question 9

youth subculture

Answer 9

distinctive group if youths within the wider group who share the same norms and values

Question 10

teddy boys

Answer 10

-1950s
-working class group-slicked back hair,brightly coloured jackets,narrow trousers
-known for street fights
- studied by Jefferson.-the smart fashion of the Teddy Boys contrasted with their work wear for their manual jobs which demonstrated their desire to challenge the capitalist system.

Question 11

mods and rockers

Answer 11

-1960s
-working class
-many fights
-love for tailor made suits+ r&b music
-centered around motorcycles
-lether jackets and jeans

Question 12

hippies

Answer 12

-1970s
-known for rejection for mainstream society
-experiment wirh alternate lifestyles
-flowly loose fittig clothing
-tie dye-bright clothes
-bandanas

Question 13

punks

Answer 13

-1970s
-anti establishment attitudes
-disconnect with political and social norms
-leather jackets
-ripped jeans
-boots
-studs/spikes/chains
-spiked collars
-mohawk/dyeing hair
-Hebdige-punks emerged in the 1970s as a resistance against the mainstream media and fashion industries telling youth what to buy.

Question 14

goths/emos

Answer 14

-1980s
-black clothing,drmatic makeup,pale skin,dark eyeliner
-known for emotional music +dealing with themes of heartbreak
-lace,leather,fishnets
,studded jackets/boots

Question 15

grunge

Answer 15

-1990s
-oversixed flannel shirts,ripped jeans and dr martens boots

Question 16

ravers

Answer 16

-1990s
-know for attending ll night rave parties where they danced to techno,house and trance music

Question 17

Parsons

Answer 17

youth acts as a bridge between childhood and adulthood.Youth cultures helps young people shift from relying on their family to becoming independent adults and it is like practice for adult life-taking on responsibities bit by bit

Question 18

parsons

Answer 18

called youth subculture a rite of passage cause he saw it as a necessary stage that helps young people move from childhood to adulthood eg learning to drive

Question 19

eisenstadt

Answer 19

youth subcultures provide a sense of belonging as a way to help young people transition from childhood to adulthood, preventing anomie (a breakdown of social norms). A space for young people to experiment with identities while still being part of the wider societal structure.

Question 20

Eisenstadt

Answer 20

youth subcultures provide a space for young people to experiment with identities and “let off steam” in a way that is controlled and socially acceptable. He believed that adolescence is a period of transition, where individuals need to develop independence from their families while still being integrated into society.Eisenstadt saw youth subcultures as a functional part of society, helping to regulate emotions, relieve tensions, and ensure a smoother transition into adulthood without causing widespread social instability. Examples of youth letting off steam could include, swearing, drinking or disobeying parents.

Question 21

Crticisms of what Eisenstast said

Answer 21

youth subcultures actively challenge mainstream norms and values, rather than acting as a “safe space” for transition into adulthood. Functionalism tends to generalize youth culture as a universal phase in life, assuming all young people go through a similar transition. However, feminist and postmodernist critiques highlight that factors like gender, class, and ethnicity shape youth experiences differently. For instance, working-class youth may form subcultures as a reaction to economic struggles, while young women might experience stricter societal expectations that limit their participation in certain subcultures.

Question 22

skin heads

Answer 22

-1970s there was a rise in unemployment in working class people because those industries were in a decline creating a competition for jobs.
The skinheads emerged at this time, with a very different style and developed their working class identity through an extreme form of manual workers’ clothing such as rolled up jeans, braces and large boots.-Clarke argued that these youths felt that their working class identity was under threat due to the decline of working class industries. So they engaged in often violent and aggressive behaviour as a form of resistance against the capitalist system.

Question 23

Hebdige

Answer 23

incorporation-spectacular subculture are short lived in their resistance.The formation of youth subcultures may benefit capitalism as the mainstream youth culture will always incorporate the resistant music and fashion into the mainstream and sell it back to young people as a way of making a profit

Question 24

marxist view criticisms

Answer 24

-majority of youth doesnt belong to a youth subculture at all so they were only studying a visible minority
-the work of the CCCS may be seen as outdated as youth subcultures today as very different to those in the 1960s and 1970s
-the middle class also had subcultures which was ignored the the CCCS who saw youth subcultures as belonging to the working class.

Question 25

brake

Answer 25

working class youth subcultures give members an illusion of resistance but they dont actually change the system young people feel empowered but their rebellion is short lived and they end up conforming to capitalism

Question 26

McRobbie and Garber

Answer 26

-women typically did not have disposable income like men did -society was stricter on women due to stereotypes and expectations on how women should behave -bedroom culture-boys were more involved in visible street based subcultures and girls tended to form social groups in private such as their bedrooms eg listening to music,reading magazines -girls were invisible in subculture studies and were often represented in passive roles rather than as active participants -Previous subcultural research focused mainly on male youth subcultures ignoring the experience of girls

Question 27

hollands

Answer 27

-pub culture -girls send just as much time out in pubic spaces -binge drinking and pub cultures is seen today for equal amounts for men and women shows bedroom culture is no longer accurate and society is changing

Question 28

riot grrrls

Answer 28

-schilt -1990s -challenged partiarchy -encouraged females to become more involved in the male dominated punk scene and spread explicity feminist concerns through their music and fanzines

Question 29

post moderism

Answer 29

-social life today is complex snd characterised by diveristy -youth styles are now much more fluid and changeable

Question 30

maffesoli-neo tribes

Answer 30

refers to a much loosly organised group with no fixed membership or deep commitment -young people "flit" from tribe to tribe trying different aspects of clothing or music -a person can be part of more than one tribe simuitaneously

Question 31

Bennett

Answer 31

subculture rigidly links musical and stylistic preferences whereas neo-tribalism recognises the shifting nature and fluidity of such preferences.

Question 32

Polhemus - "Supermarket of Style"

Answer 32

youths can create identities by picking and mixing from various cultures, fashions, lifestyles and music. Commitment to one style is less common and young people are reluctant to give themselves labels and restrict their choices.

Question 33

Impact of Social Media on Youth Subcultures –

Answer 33

youth live their lives through social media and this empowers them to express themselves in a way that might suggest youth subcultures are no longer needed. Profiles are constantly updated and what is "in" and "out" changes by the day, which underlines the decreasing relevance of the identity demonstrated by spectacular subcultures. Petrides argues that the internet creates brief and microcosmic movements rather than mass movements.-visco girls (scrunchies,hydroflasks,enviroment) Social media inspire and empower youth to form online tribes around social and political issues and ideas even as the music and fashion of the past have become more fluid. Using Twitter, e-petitions, and other platforms, youth movements are becoming stronger in recent times

Question 34

st john

Answer 34

post rave technotribes -young people brought together through music festivals and social media committed to dance music and hedonism but incorporating resistant ideals such as social justice,green politics and human rights showing commitment to pleasure and politics

Question 35

hollands and chatlerton

Answer 35

argue rather than a free floating "pick and mix" story of youth consumption in the night time economy the majority of youth activity is characterised by commercial chart music,a drinking culture and pleasure seeking behaviour which are addressed by corporately owned chains of bars,pubs and clubs in town and city centres

Question 36

hebdige

Answer 36

argued that British youth subcultures can be read as a succession of differential responses to the black immigrant presence in Britian

Question 37

rastafarians

Answer 37

associated with Jamaican/Carribbean culture,reggae music,dreadlocks and clothes in the colours of red,gold and green They have religious beliefs and smoking marijuana is seen as a part of their religion to reach a higher level of spirtuality

Question 38

hebdige

Answer 38

saw rastafarianism as a form of resistance to white culture and racism with roots in the relations of slavery spritual movement that attracted any caribbean migrants to Britian

Question 39

Brasians

Answer 39

British and Asian cuture eg Bhangra music is often mixed with rap,dance and pop music to create a hybrid cornershop Young british asians refuse to accept a subordinate place in society and wish to celebrate their cultures by making it more contemporary and fashionable

Question 40

white wannabees

Answer 40

nayak-young working class males who adopt the style and language of black culture.They may listen to music such as hiphop or gangsta rap,wear lots of bling and dress in a style similar eg Ali G famous in 1990 for his catchphrase "is it because I is black"

Question 41

cultural exchange

Answer 41

mutual sharing of ideas and traditions between cultures

Question 42

cultural appropriation

Answer 42

use of elements of a culture by those outside of it