Socialisation culture and identity Flashcards
Sewell
cultural comfort zones- we like to associate with those who are similar to ourselves
Harris
looked at the influence of parents and peer groups
Lees
Looks at the pressure put on teenage girls by peers
Skelton and Francis
Look at peer groups in primary schools-play was gendered
Bos were dominating space and girls were doing separate activities
Secondary socialisation definition
Where someone learns basic norms and values such as authority and status difference
Primary socialisation definition
Where you learn basic things such as right/wrong and how to walk
Genetic determinism
Behaviour that can be explained by inherited biological factors
nurture
behaviour that is a result of our upbringing
nature
behaviour which is biological
Mcluhan
the world has become a smaller place and now we live in a global village
Gramsci
young people expressed their resistance to mainstream ideas in symbolic ways
Parekh
1-members of society have distinct ways of life while serving the dominant culture
2-some members rebel against central principles rejecting dominant values
3-communal diversification-where ethnic groups have long established communities adding diversity to the dominant way of life
Bilton
speed of change may result in us losing our identity
Global culture
The growing trend of cultural products and activities becoming universal
bourgeoisie
rich people who make all of the decisions
cultural universalism
forms of behavior found in all cultures
ethnocentrism
looking at and judging things from the perspective of your own culture
high culture
wealthy and educated people -need access to a particular type of education and social upbringing
culture
a way of life
deviance
actions that break the norms and values of society which are socially constructed
customs
traditional norms of behaviour associated with specific social situations eg christmas dinner
functionalists
see culture as cement that bonds individuals together and allows people to interacts successfully
mass/low/popular culture
opposite of high culture- seen as inferior
marxism conflict theory
upper class use wealth to acquire cultural power
two different groups
interactionists
see culture as being created by the way people interact and how individuals interpret each others actions
ideology (marx)
cultural ideas are dominated by the ruling class
globalisation
the process where the world becomes more interconnected and their activities influence each other
values
beliefs that are held by most people in society and can be seen as typical
monoculture
single dominant culture
multiculturalism
when different ethnic groups live side by side in society
hegemony
where the dominant class attempt to make the ideas that benefit them accepted by everyone
consumer culture
consumption of good and services in an attempt to construct an identity and gain status in the eyes of others eg buying designer
conflict theories
theories that regard society as being unequal
consensus
theories that argue changes that have occured in society are positive
cultural hybridity
members of society are increasingly mixing and matching to create an identity
cultural diversity
different cultures emerge in the same society
norms
unspoken rules of everyday life
interactionism
weber- looks at each person individually
subculture
a culture within a culture with distinctive norms and values
multiculturalism
when different ethnic groups live side by side in society
oakley
She stated that gender socialisation happens through verbal interactions by parents
1-manipulation -boys and girls are manipulated to adopt gender-appropriate behaviour.
2-canalisation-Canalisation is the way boys and girls are directed towards different toys and games.
3-verbal appellations-the way boys and girls are rebuked for behaviour which is appropriate for their gender.
4-differential activity exposure-the way in which boys and girls are encouraged to engage in separate activities, related to specific gender roles and role models
Name three ways in which children learn the culture of their society.
-Imitation
-Manipulation - sanctions
-Role models
Identify 2 factors that might have an impact on family relationships
-Age,number and gender of siblings
-Parents balance between work and family life
How do functionalists explain the role of the family as an agent of socialisation?
Family is seen as the personality factor where the child is seen as a blank slate at birth and the role of the parents is to mould and train the child to become an accepted member of society
How do Marxists explain the role of the family as an agent of socialisation?
Family teaches children about submitting to authority and being obedient.They argue that children are socialised into being conforming members of society.
What are the two main processes of social learning in schools?
Formal curriculum and hidden curriculum
What is the formal curriculum? Give an example
Refers to the official curriculum children are taught core skills needed in adult life such as numeracy and literacy.
Identify three things that are taught as part of the informal/ hidden curriculum
-Privileges and responsibilities-respect for elders
-school rules,detentions and exclusions,rewards such as metrits badges and prizes-conformity to society’s rules and laws
-competitive sports and class competition-value of competition
Identify 4 ways in which individuals are socialised throughout the education process.
-Manipulation-teachers will encourage appropriate behaviour eg completing homework
-role models-role models of historical figures
-imitation-children are keen to fit in at school and will often copy the behaviour of other students to ensure that they do so
-positive and negative sanctions-reward good behaviour and punish bad
Why do Bowles and Gintis argue that the education system is a ‘giant myth-making machine’?
They believed it brainwashed children through the hidden curriculum into obedience and unquestioning attitude that they would need in the world of work
Define a peer group.
A peer group is an agency of secondary socialisation and consists of people of a similar status who come into regular contact with one another such as a group of friends.
Handel
Says children are not passive puppets, but active agents involved in creating their socialisation experience
Cultural comfort zones
Peer groups tend to include people from very similar social backgrounds
Ferguson and McRobbie
They found that magazines were very stereotypical of women and feminity
Mulvey’s concept of the ‘male gaze’
The media encourages men to assess women’s body and attractiveness from a male perspective
Secularisation
Religion is losing its influence in society
Voas and Crockett
They found that there was a strong relationship between religious belief and belonging in a religious organisation.
Modood and Berthoud
67% of pakistanis and bangladeshis saw religion as very important
How does Ghumann see that religion can influence gender identity?
Some religions have different dress codes for men and women.
List three ways in which the workplace socialises individuals.
Role models
Rewards and sanctions
Control and pressuring
Explain the difference between the formal and informal agents of socialisation in the workplace
formal eg office job -management taking formal responsibility for socialising employees
Informal eg shopper -peers introduce informal culture of the workplace
Lury
1-the ability of a wide range of consumer goods
2-Shopping is seen as a leisure pursuit
3-Different forms of shopping are available eg online,markets
4-being in debt is accepted as a social norm
5-packaging and promotion of goods is a large scale business
Why is Britain a multicultural society
Wars and migration -people move from different countries
structural
society shapes individuals
action
individuals change society
cultural capital
need certain skills to access high culture
6 agencies of socialisation
1-work place
2-religion
3-media
4-peer groups
5-education
6-family
social control
the way behaviour is regulated and controlled by society
formal social control examples
-government
-police
-judges
-courts
informal social control examples
-peer groups
-work place
-mass media
-religion
negative informal sanctions examples
-stopping pocket money
-gossiping
positive informal sanctions examples
-applause
-congratulate
-compliment
negative formal sanctions examples
-prisons
-exclusion
-formal warning
-fire you /stop pay
positive formal sanction examples
-pay rise
-certificates
identity
how we see ourselves and how others see us
post modernism
in the past identity was stable however society is far more complex now and it is negotiated on an individual level
identity- achieved examples
-location
-subculture
-religious beliefs
-work role
identity- ascribed examples
-nationality
-ethnicity
-gender
-first language
structure
idea that identity is ascribed
agency
the idea that individuals can and will change aspects of their identity
bradley
passive-born with
active- u choose
neo marxists
individuals have more say in shaping their identity than class
nayak
‘white wannabes’- white british males who dress act and speak in a way that is influenced by black hip hop culture
conclini
young people in latin america -rapid social change
oakley
argued that gender roles are socially constructed and that they can vary greatly across cultures and time periods
Hegemonic masculinity
A dominant form of masculinity that emphasizes authority, heterosexuality, and power over others, often subordinating other gender expressions.
Assertive femininity
A form of femininity that challenges traditional gender norms by embracing confidence, independence, and assertiveness.
Normative femininity
The socially accepted and expected behaviors and traits for women, often aligned with traditional gender roles and stereotypes.
Passive femininity
A traditional form of femininity characterized by submissiveness, compliance, and adherence to societal expectations of female behavior.While passive femininity is one form of normative femininity, it is more limiting, as it emphasizes subordination and compliance, which can hinder women’s empowerment and agency. Normative femininity, although still shaped by traditional gender expectations, can include a wider array of roles, including those that are nurturing or emotionally expressive, without necessarily being passive.
Subordinate masculinity
A form of masculinity that is considered inferior within the gender hierarchy, often due to its lack of alignment with hegemonic norms. Includes gay men. Act differently to the hegemonic masculinity
Metrosexual
A man who embraces grooming, fashion, and lifestyle choices traditionally associated with femininity, while still identifying as heterosexual.
Subordinate femininity
refers to marginalized or less socially valued forms of femininity that deviate from dominant gender norms. It challenges traditional, hegemonic ideas about femininity, often intersecting with other forms of social inequality, and can also serve as a space for resistance and empowerment. E.g Ladettes - challenge the hegemonic femininity. Different. Don’t conform.
Marginalised masculinity
A form of masculinity experienced by men who are excluded from the dominant masculine ideal due to factors like race, class. Loss of jobs - in crisis. McDonald and Marsh 2005.
Complicit masculinity
A form of masculinity that benefits from the dominance of hegemonic masculinity without actively embodying or enforcing its traits. These men may not be overtly aggressive, dominant, or powerful, but they do not challenge the system that gives them advantages over women and other marginalized groups (e.g., subordinate masculinities like those of gay men or men of color).
Socio- biological view
Wilson (1975) - need to reproduce makes men promiscuous. Women need to nurture one child. Stay faithful so husband helps.
Functionalist view
Females have expressive role , natural but reinforced by socialisation.
Men have Instrumental role: providing financial support and fulfilling the family’s material needs through paid work
Parsons
Male and female roles within the family
Mac and Ghaill
boys learn to be men at school, policed by own peer group.
Feminist view
Not just family that creates/reinforces stereotypes - other agencies of socialisation contribute too
How did Williams (1983) define culture?
A way of life
What did Bordieu mean by the term ‘cultural capital’?
The knowledge to understand high culture
What is the difference between cultural diversity and multiculturalism?
Cultures existing side by side (diversity), as opposed to all cultures having equal standing and being promoted/celebrated (multicultural).
Who said that there are always pockets of resistance to ruling class hegemony?
Gramsci
Who said that speed of change may result in us losing our identity in our own society?
Bilton et al
We describe norms and values as being ‘relative’. What does this mean?
Vary in space and time
Who identified three different types of cultural diversity?
Parekh
What term does Palmer use to explain the excessive use of ‘screen time’ by parents?
Electronic babysitters
Which sociologists argue that the education system is a ‘giant myth-making machine’?
Bowles and Gintis
What term describes the norms and values you might understand about a workplace before you start a job?
Anticipatory socialisation
What term did Waddington use to describe the norms and values that people who work in a particular organisation will be socialised to accept
Canteen culture
What term describes the desire to ‘fit in’ in a peer group?
Conformity
What three factors does Modood describe ethnicity as involving?
Culture, Descent, Sense of identity
Identify three cultural characteristics that may form part of an individual’s ethnic identity.
Religion, language, origin, skin colour
What two key concepts could be used to describe the difference between race and ethnicity
Biologically determined v socially constructed
What key concept refers to the fusion of cultures, styles and identities resulting in the formation of new ones?
Hybridity
Johal and Bains found that young people were able to behave in one way with their peers and another way with their families. What key concept did they use to describe this ability?
Code switching
What does Hewitt say has happened within the white British communities as a reaction to multiculturalism?
Backlash - see positive discrimination policies as unfair
What key concept did Back use to explain how white youths were attracted to black culture and vice versa with people from the same area?
Neighbourhood nationalism - feeling of solidarity with people from the same area
Who describes a ‘nation’ as an ‘imagined community’?
Anderson
Who discusses the fact that, unlike the Scots, the Welsh and the Irish, the English find it difficult to say who they are and that English national identity is elusive?
Kumar
Who suggests that the world is in the middle of a global identity crisis and Britain is feeling very small in a global world, having lost its empire?
Sardar
Give three reasons why English national identity may have strengthened in recent times.
Devolution, economic crises, immigration
Five an example of a negative portrayal of English identity
Little Englanders, football hooliganism etc
Who suggests that we are becoming increasingly Americanised?
Halsey
Name the sociologists who said that men are facing a ‘crisis of masculinity’.
Mac an Ghaill
What is the key concept associated with the idea that men are beginning to adopt a shared role within the family?
New man
What are the two key concepts used by Wilkinson to describe the dramatic change that has led to a more equal distribution of power between men and women and the change in women’s ambitions?
Genderquake, feminisation of the workplace
Name two sociologists who identified the rise of the ‘ladette’.
Jackson and Denscombe
What key concept describes a system of male dominance?
Patriarchy
