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Sociology > Socialisation culture and identity > Flashcards

Socialisation culture and identity Flashcards

1
Q

Sewell

A

cultural comfort zones- we like to associate with those who are similar to ourselves

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2
Q

Harris

A

looked at the influence of parents and peer groups

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3
Q

Lees

A

Looks at the pressure put on teenage girls by peers

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4
Q

Skelton and Francis

A

Look at peer groups in primary schools-play was gendered
Bos were dominating space and girls were doing separate activities

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5
Q

Secondary socialisation definition

A

Where someone learns basic norms and values such as authority and status difference

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6
Q

Primary socialisation definition

A

Where you learn basic things such as right/wrong and how to walk

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7
Q

Genetic determinism

A

Behaviour that can be explained by inherited biological factors

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8
Q

nurture

A

behaviour that is a result of our upbringing

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9
Q

nature

A

behaviour which is biological

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10
Q

Mcluhan

A

the world has become a smaller place and now we live in a global village

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11
Q

Gramsci

A

young people expressed their resistance to mainstream ideas in symbolic ways

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12
Q

Parekh

A

1-members of society have distinct ways of life while serving the dominant culture
2-some members rebel against central principles rejecting dominant values
3-communal diversification-where ethnic groups have long established communities adding diversity to the dominant way of life

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13
Q

Bilton

A

speed of change may result in us losing our identity

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14
Q

Global culture

A

The growing trend of cultural products and activities becoming universal

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15
Q

bourgeoisie

A

rich people who make all of the decisions

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16
Q

cultural universalism

A

forms of behavior found in all cultures

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17
Q

ethnocentrism

A

looking at and judging things from the perspective of your own culture

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18
Q

high culture

A

wealthy and educated people -need access to a particular type of education and social upbringing

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18
Q

culture

A

a way of life

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19
Q

deviance

A

actions that break the norms and values of society which are socially constructed

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20
Q

customs

A

traditional norms of behaviour associated with specific social situations eg christmas dinner

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21
Q

functionalists

A

see culture as cement that bonds individuals together and allows people to interacts successfully

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22
Q

mass/low/popular culture

A

opposite of high culture- seen as inferior

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23
Q

marxism conflict theory

A

upper class use wealth to acquire cultural power
two different groups

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24
Q

interactionists

A

see culture as being created by the way people interact and how individuals interpret each others actions

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25
Q

ideology (marx)

A

cultural ideas are dominated by the ruling class

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26
Q

globalisation

A

the process where the world becomes more interconnected and their activities influence each other

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27
Q

values

A

beliefs that are held by most people in society and can be seen as typical

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28
Q

monoculture

A

single dominant culture

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29
Q

multiculturalism

A

when different ethnic groups live side by side in society

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30
Q

hegemony

A

where the dominant class attempt to make the ideas that benefit them accepted by everyone

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31
Q

consumer culture

A

consumption of good and services in an attempt to construct an identity and gain status in the eyes of others eg buying designer

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32
Q

conflict theories

A

theories that regard society as being unequal

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33
Q

consensus

A

theories that argue changes that have occured in society are positive

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34
Q

cultural hybridity

A

members of society are increasingly mixing and matching to create an identity

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35
Q

cultural diversity

A

different cultures emerge in the same society

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36
Q

norms

A

unspoken rules of everyday life

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37
Q

interactionism

A

weber- looks at each person individually

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38
Q

subculture

A

a culture within a culture with distinctive norms and values

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39
Q

multiculturalism

A

when different ethnic groups live side by side in society

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40
Q

oakley

A

She stated that gender socialisation happens through verbal interactions by parents
1-manipulation -boys and girls are manipulated to adopt gender-appropriate behaviour.
2-canalisation-Canalisation is the way boys and girls are directed towards different toys and games.
3-verbal appellations-the way boys and girls are rebuked for behaviour which is appropriate for their gender.
4-differential activity exposure-the way in which boys and girls are encouraged to engage in separate activities, related to specific gender roles and role models

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41
Q

Name three ways in which children learn the culture of their society.

A

-Imitation
-Manipulation - sanctions
-Role models

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42
Q

Identify 2 factors that might have an impact on family relationships

A

-Age,number and gender of siblings
-Parents balance between work and family life

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43
Q

How do functionalists explain the role of the family as an agent of socialisation?

A

Family is seen as the personality factor where the child is seen as a blank slate at birth and the role of the parents is to mould and train the child to become an accepted member of society

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44
Q

How do Marxists explain the role of the family as an agent of socialisation?

A

Family teaches children about submitting to authority and being obedient.They argue that children are socialised into being conforming members of society.

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45
Q

What are the two main processes of social learning in schools?

A

Formal curriculum and hidden curriculum

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46
Q

What is the formal curriculum? Give an example

A

Refers to the official curriculum children are taught core skills needed in adult life such as numeracy and literacy.

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47
Q

Identify three things that are taught as part of the informal/ hidden curriculum

A

-Privileges and responsibilities-respect for elders
-school rules,detentions and exclusions,rewards such as metrits badges and prizes-conformity to society’s rules and laws
-competitive sports and class competition-value of competition

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48
Q

Identify 4 ways in which individuals are socialised throughout the education process.

A

-Manipulation-teachers will encourage appropriate behaviour eg completing homework
-role models-role models of historical figures
-imitation-children are keen to fit in at school and will often copy the behaviour of other students to ensure that they do so
-positive and negative sanctions-reward good behaviour and punish bad

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49
Q

Why do Bowles and Gintis argue that the education system is a ‘giant myth-making machine’?

A

They believed it brainwashed children through the hidden curriculum into obedience and unquestioning attitude that they would need in the world of work

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50
Q

Define a peer group.

A

A peer group is an agency of secondary socialisation and consists of people of a similar status who come into regular contact with one another such as a group of friends.

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51
Q

Handel

A

Says children are not passive puppets, but active agents involved in creating their socialisation experience

52
Q

Cultural comfort zones

A

Peer groups tend to include people from very similar social backgrounds

53
Q

Ferguson and McRobbie

A

They found that magazines were very stereotypical of women and feminity

54
Q

Mulvey’s concept of the ‘male gaze’

A

The media encourages men to assess women’s body and attractiveness from a male perspective

55
Q

Secularisation

A

Religion is losing its influence in society

56
Q

Voas and Crockett

A

They found that there was a strong relationship between religious belief and belonging in a religious organisation.

57
Q

Modood and Berthoud

A

67% of pakistanis and bangladeshis saw religion as very important

58
Q

How does Ghumann see that religion can influence gender identity?

A

Some religions have different dress codes for men and women.

59
Q

List three ways in which the workplace socialises individuals.

A

Role models
Rewards and sanctions
Control and pressuring

60
Q

Explain the difference between the formal and informal agents of socialisation in the workplace

A

formal eg office job -management taking formal responsibility for socialising employees
Informal eg shopper -peers introduce informal culture of the workplace

61
Q

Lury

A

1-the ability of a wide range of consumer goods
2-Shopping is seen as a leisure pursuit
3-Different forms of shopping are available eg online,markets
4-being in debt is accepted as a social norm
5-packaging and promotion of goods is a large scale business

62
Q

Why is Britain a multicultural society

A

Wars and migration -people move from different countries

63
Q

structural

A

society shapes individuals

64
Q

action

A

individuals change society

65
Q

cultural capital

A

need certain skills to access high culture

66
Q

6 agencies of socialisation

A

1-work place
2-religion
3-media
4-peer groups
5-education
6-family

67
Q

social control

A

the way behaviour is regulated and controlled by society

68
Q

formal social control examples

A

-government
-police
-judges
-courts

69
Q

informal social control examples

A

-peer groups
-work place
-mass media
-religion

70
Q

negative informal sanctions examples

A

-stopping pocket money
-gossiping

71
Q

positive informal sanctions examples

A

-applause
-congratulate
-compliment

72
Q

negative formal sanctions examples

A

-prisons
-exclusion
-formal warning
-fire you /stop pay

73
Q

positive formal sanction examples

A

-pay rise
-certificates

74
Q

identity

A

how we see ourselves and how others see us

75
Q

post modernism

A

in the past identity was stable however society is far more complex now and it is negotiated on an individual level

76
Q

identity- achieved examples

A

-location
-subculture
-religious beliefs
-work role

77
Q

identity- ascribed examples

A

-nationality
-ethnicity
-gender
-first language

78
Q

structure

A

idea that identity is ascribed

79
Q

agency

A

the idea that individuals can and will change aspects of their identity

80
Q

bradley

A

passive-born with
active- u choose

81
Q

neo marxists

A

individuals have more say in shaping their identity than class

82
Q

nayak

A

‘white wannabes’- white british males who dress act and speak in a way that is influenced by black hip hop culture

83
Q

conclini

A

young people in latin america -rapid social change

84
Q

oakley

A

argued that gender roles are socially constructed and that they can vary greatly across cultures and time periods

85
Q

Hegemonic masculinity

A

A dominant form of masculinity that emphasizes authority, heterosexuality, and power over others, often subordinating other gender expressions.

86
Q

Assertive femininity

A

A form of femininity that challenges traditional gender norms by embracing confidence, independence, and assertiveness.

87
Q

Normative femininity

A

The socially accepted and expected behaviors and traits for women, often aligned with traditional gender roles and stereotypes.

88
Q

Passive femininity

A

A traditional form of femininity characterized by submissiveness, compliance, and adherence to societal expectations of female behavior.While passive femininity is one form of normative femininity, it is more limiting, as it emphasizes subordination and compliance, which can hinder women’s empowerment and agency. Normative femininity, although still shaped by traditional gender expectations, can include a wider array of roles, including those that are nurturing or emotionally expressive, without necessarily being passive.

89
Q

Subordinate masculinity

A

A form of masculinity that is considered inferior within the gender hierarchy, often due to its lack of alignment with hegemonic norms. Includes gay men. Act differently to the hegemonic masculinity

90
Q

Metrosexual

A

A man who embraces grooming, fashion, and lifestyle choices traditionally associated with femininity, while still identifying as heterosexual.

91
Q

Subordinate femininity

A

refers to marginalized or less socially valued forms of femininity that deviate from dominant gender norms. It challenges traditional, hegemonic ideas about femininity, often intersecting with other forms of social inequality, and can also serve as a space for resistance and empowerment. E.g Ladettes - challenge the hegemonic femininity. Different. Don’t conform.

92
Q

Marginalised masculinity

A

A form of masculinity experienced by men who are excluded from the dominant masculine ideal due to factors like race, class. Loss of jobs - in crisis. McDonald and Marsh 2005.

93
Q

Complicit masculinity

A

A form of masculinity that benefits from the dominance of hegemonic masculinity without actively embodying or enforcing its traits. These men may not be overtly aggressive, dominant, or powerful, but they do not challenge the system that gives them advantages over women and other marginalized groups (e.g., subordinate masculinities like those of gay men or men of color).

94
Q

Socio- biological view

A

Wilson (1975) - need to reproduce makes men promiscuous. Women need to nurture one child. Stay faithful so husband helps.

95
Q

Functionalist view

A

Females have expressive role , natural but reinforced by socialisation.
Men have Instrumental role: providing financial support and fulfilling the family’s material needs through paid work

96
Q

Parsons

A

Male and female roles within the family

97
Q

Mac and Ghaill

A

boys learn to be men at school, policed by own peer group.

98
Q

Feminist view

A

Not just family that creates/reinforces stereotypes - other agencies of socialisation contribute too

99
Q

How did Williams (1983) define culture?

A

A way of life

100
Q

What did Bordieu mean by the term ‘cultural capital’?

A

The knowledge to understand high culture

101
Q

What is the difference between cultural diversity and multiculturalism?

A

Cultures existing side by side (diversity), as opposed to all cultures having equal standing and being promoted/celebrated (multicultural).

102
Q

Who said that there are always pockets of resistance to ruling class hegemony?

A

Gramsci

103
Q

Who said that speed of change may result in us losing our identity in our own society?

A

Bilton et al

104
Q

We describe norms and values as being ‘relative’. What does this mean?

A

Vary in space and time

105
Q

Who identified three different types of cultural diversity?

A

Parekh

106
Q

What term does Palmer use to explain the excessive use of ‘screen time’ by parents?

A

Electronic babysitters

107
Q

Which sociologists argue that the education system is a ‘giant myth-making machine’?

A

Bowles and Gintis

108
Q

What term describes the norms and values you might understand about a workplace before you start a job?

A

Anticipatory socialisation

109
Q

What term did Waddington use to describe the norms and values that people who work in a particular organisation will be socialised to accept

A

Canteen culture

110
Q

What term describes the desire to ‘fit in’ in a peer group?

A

Conformity

111
Q

What three factors does Modood describe ethnicity as involving?

A

Culture, Descent, Sense of identity

112
Q

Identify three cultural characteristics that may form part of an individual’s ethnic identity.

A

Religion, language, origin, skin colour

113
Q

What two key concepts could be used to describe the difference between race and ethnicity

A

Biologically determined v socially constructed

114
Q

What key concept refers to the fusion of cultures, styles and identities resulting in the formation of new ones?

A

Hybridity

115
Q

Johal and Bains found that young people were able to behave in one way with their peers and another way with their families. What key concept did they use to describe this ability?

A

Code switching

116
Q

What does Hewitt say has happened within the white British communities as a reaction to multiculturalism?

A

Backlash - see positive discrimination policies as unfair

117
Q

What key concept did Back use to explain how white youths were attracted to black culture and vice versa with people from the same area?

A

Neighbourhood nationalism - feeling of solidarity with people from the same area

118
Q

Who describes a ‘nation’ as an ‘imagined community’?

A

Anderson

119
Q

Who discusses the fact that, unlike the Scots, the Welsh and the Irish, the English find it difficult to say who they are and that English national identity is elusive?

A

Kumar

120
Q

Who suggests that the world is in the middle of a global identity crisis and Britain is feeling very small in a global world, having lost its empire?

A

Sardar

121
Q

Give three reasons why English national identity may have strengthened in recent times.

A

Devolution, economic crises, immigration

122
Q

Five an example of a negative portrayal of English identity

A

Little Englanders, football hooliganism etc

123
Q

Who suggests that we are becoming increasingly Americanised?

A

Halsey

124
Q

Name the sociologists who said that men are facing a ‘crisis of masculinity’.

A

Mac an Ghaill

125
Q

What is the key concept associated with the idea that men are beginning to adopt a shared role within the family?

A

New man

126
Q

What are the two key concepts used by Wilkinson to describe the dramatic change that has led to a more equal distribution of power between men and women and the change in women’s ambitions?

A

Genderquake, feminisation of the workplace

127
Q

Name two sociologists who identified the rise of the ‘ladette’.

A

Jackson and Denscombe

128
Q

What key concept describes a system of male dominance?

A

Patriarchy

Sociology (3 decks)

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