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Dairy Production > Youngstock > Flashcards

Youngstock Flashcards

1
Q

Average culling risk

A

30-35%
Involuntary- biological failures
Voluntary- herd improvement

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2
Q

No profit made on heifer until…

A

Early to mid second lactation

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3
Q

Replacement heifer options

A

Raise own
Contract raised
Sell with option to buy back
Purchase all replacements

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4
Q

Keys to calf care

A

Cleanliness, colostrum, comfort, calories, consistency of care

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5
Q

Cows are dried off

A

45-60 days prior to calving

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6
Q

Close up period

A

3 weeks prior to calving

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7
Q

Dry cow nutrition

A

Protein 12-15% CP
Vit A, D, E, and selenium
Important for colostrum and overall immunity

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8
Q

Risks of leaving calf with dam

A

Salmonella, e. coli, Johne’s, cryptosporidium

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9
Q

Most important factor for newborn health

A

Colostrum

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10
Q

Immature cells lining digestive tract at birth

A

Can absorb macromolecules and bacteria/viruses
Lose ability with time and contact
Best within 4hrs
Poor absorption by 24hrs

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11
Q

Colostrum needs

A

4qts within 8-12hrs of birth

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12
Q

Feeding options

A

Suckle dam- 40% calves will have low IgG
Bottle- best method
Esophageal feeder- if not consuming by 3h
Fresh/frozen- bacterial overgrowth can occur

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13
Q

Colostrometer

A

Measures specific gravity - related to IgG
Depends in temp
Use only first milk of fresh cows

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14
Q

Pasteurization

A

Reduce morbidity, infection, mortality

Changes viscosity and IgG levels

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15
Q

How long can colostrum be refrigerated

A

4-5 days

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16
Q

Colostrum bacteria threshold

A

No more than 100,000 cfu/ml

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17
Q

How to freeze

A

2qt in double ziplock bags, flat in non frost freezer (-5F)

Thawed in warm water bath (<120)

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18
Q

Only in fresh colostrum

A

Active leukocytes

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19
Q

IgG goal

A

1000mg/dl by 48hr

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20
Q

Failure of passive transfer

A

Calf didn’t get enough
Calf didn’t absorb
Poor quality

21
Q

When to test for passive transfer

A

6hr from feeding

Before 10d

22
Q

Serum tp of calves less than 10days

A

At birth 4.5
5.5 is adequate.
>7.5 suspect dehydration

23
Q

Neonatal feeding options

A

Whole milk- perfect, costly
Waste milk- good nutrition, bacT issues, consider pasteurization
Milk replacer - cheaper, feed 1lb powder/gallon water (hot)
Protein:fat 20:20

24
Q

Neonatal calf fed

A

10% of body weight/day in 2 feedings
Fresh water
Calf starter at 1-2days
1gal 20:20=gain <200g/d - starter ASAP!

25
Q

To fight infection, calves need

A

Energy for maintenance, growth, temperature control

26
Q

Common finding in sick/dying calves

A

Complete atrophy of fat

27
Q

Scours associated with

A

High rates of feeding but more likely sanitary and management practices. Can consume 20% of bw without problems
Target 13-15%

28
Q

Diarrhea

A 
#1 problem for hutch calves
Main cause of death
29
Q

Pneumonia

A 
Problem for older calves 
#2 cause of death
30
Q

Diarrhea outbreak

A

More common in first 2-3wks

Don’t rely on color/consistency to diagnose

31
Q

Reasons you g calves get sick

A

High pathogen exposure
Inadequate caloric intake
Environmental temp stress
Not enough cp diet, low selenium, low trace minerals

32
Q

Management/prevention calf diarrhea

A 
Improve resistance - colostrum, nutrition 
Minimize exposure 
Vaccination 
2nd colostrum feeding at 3-5days
Standard tx protocols
33
Q

Calf starter feeds

A

High in cereal grains, low in fiber
Conducive to forestomach development
High vfa production
May contain coccidiostats

34
Q

Weaning

A

When starter grain consumption of 2lb/d for 3+days
Reduce milk feeding to once per day for 1-2wks prior
Wean 6-9wks
Offer high quality hay just prior
Keep calves separated for 7-10days after.

35
Q

Birth to weaning housing

A

Hutches
No calf to calf contact
At least 3ft between hutches (dz, ventilation)

36
Q

Hutches

A

Avoid wet, drafts
Provide bedding, control humidity, provide shade
Face open to south in winter, north in summer

37
Q

Critical temp for calves

A

Cold 55-45F for birth-30d

Heat 80F

38
Q

Resp dz risk factors

A

Housing/ventilation/humidity
Ammonia, space per heifer
FPT, nutrition
Specific immunity (IBR, BVD, BRSV)

39
Q

Post weaning fed

A

Grower grain, small amount of forage

TMR fed when no pasture available

40
Q

Ionophores

A

Enhance growth and feed efficiency
Alter rumen microflora, increase propionate, decrease rumen methane production, inhibit coccidia growth
Usually in TMR or grain mix- rumensin, bovatec

41
Q

Nutrient requirement changes with age

A

Proportion from forage increases

Careful not to over feed energy and underfeed protein

42
Q

Springers housing

A

Keep heifers separate from cows until dry period after first lactation. CP and energy requirements are higher than cows. Move to close up 30d prior to calving.

43
Q

Prefresh (close up) heifers

A

Separate from cows 3-4wks prior to calving
Decrease forage, increase concentrate and protein
Decrease salt and potassium
Pay attention to heat stress, hygiene, udder congestion/edema

44
Q

Breeding age and wt

A

13-15m
750-800lbs
48-50”

45
Q

Calving age and wt

A

1350lb
54-55”
3-3.5 BCS

46
Q

Average rearing costs

A

$1.50 per day

47
Q

If heifers too small at first calving

A

Dystocia, calf death, decreased production

Every# of wt <1250 =6# less milk

48
Q

If heifers older at first lactation

A

Less milk over lifetime
Fewer replacements available
Additional investment cost

49
Q

Dystocia

A

Incidence <8% cows
Risk: sire, BCS, calf position, genetics of female
Causes: stillbirths, neonatal mortality, colostrum malabsorption, neonatal acidosis chances increase, survivability and production

Dairy Production (6 decks)

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