You and your genes

Question 1

Where in a body’s cells are chromosomes found?

Answer 1

the nucleus

Question 2

What are alleles?

Answer 2

each of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

Question 3

what is the difference between environmental effects and genetic effects on a human.

Answer 3

environmental is what changes a human during his or her lifetime. (e.g a tan) but genetic traits of a human are passed on by there parents (e.g naturally dark skin).

Question 4

You only need one copy of the faulty allele to have Huntington’s disease. This means the allele is…

Answer 4

dominant.

Question 5

to be a male you have to have…

Answer 5

one Y chromozone and one X chromozone

Question 6

To be a female you have to have…

Answer 6

Two X chromozones

Question 7

which is more dominant. The X or Y chromozone?

Answer 7

The Y chromozone

Question 8

A false negative means…

Answer 8

That the test shows that a person does not carry a certain allele when they do

Question 9

what is asexual reproduction?

Answer 9

reproduction with only one parent

Question 10

Non-specialised embryo cells are called…

Answer 10

stem cells

Question 11

If a body cell taken from sheep A is fused with an egg cell from sheep B, and put into the host mother sheep C, the resulting lamb will be a clone of…

Answer 11

sheep A

Question 12

Genes are found in our …..,which parents pass onto the ………………. in their ….. …… in reproduction. Different versions of the same …… are called……..

Answer 12

Genes are found in our chromosomes,which parents pass on to offspring in their sex cells in reproduction. Different versions of the same gene are called alleles.

Question 13

what do alleles determine?

Answer 13

and these can determine features like eye colour, and the inheritance of disorders such as cystic fibrosis.

Question 14

what are different versions of the same gene called

Answer 14

alleles

Question 15

the nucleus controls the activities of a cell. The instructions for how an organism develops are found?

Answer 15

in the nuclei of its cell

Question 16

Where are Chromosomes found?

Answer 16

Chromosomes are structures found in the nucleus of most cells.

Question 17

What two types of proteins are there?

Answer 17

The proteins can either be:

1) structural proteins such as the ones found in muscles and hair
2) enzymes, such as proteases and other digestive enzymes.

Question 18

Are Identical twins are genetically the same? They are example of the interaction between ………and……….?

Answer 18

Identical twins are genetically the same. They are a good example of the interaction between inheritance and the environment.

Question 19

what are the differences that you see between identical twins, for example, in personality, tastes and aptitude, due to ?

Answer 19

differences in their experiences or environment.(For example, an identical twin who takes regular exercise will have better muscle tone than one who does not exercise. All of the differences that you see between identical twins, for example, in personality, tastes and aptitude, are due to differences in their experiences or environment.)

Question 20

When an egg and sperm cell come together, the now fertilised egg contains ……pairs of ….. Sex chromosomes are responsible for …….

Answer 20

When an egg and sperm cell come together, the now fertilised egg contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Question 21

what is a Sex chromosomes are responsible for ?

Answer 21

Sex chromosomes are responsible for certain genetic traits.

Question 22

what comes together to form a fertilised egg?

Answer 22

When an egg and sperm cell come together, the now fertilised egg contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Sex chromosomes are responsible for certain genetic traits.

Question 23

Human body cells each contain … pairs of chromosomes. Parents pass on their ….. to their offspring in their ….. cells.
female sex cells are called …………..male sex cells are called ……..

Answer 23

Human body cells each contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. Parents pass on their genes to their offspring in their sex cells.
female sex cells are called egg cells, or ova
male sex cells are called sperm.

Question 24

A pair of chromosomes carry the same ….. in the same place, on each …. within the pair.

Answer 24

A pair of chromosomes carry the same genes in the same place, on each chromosome within the pair.

Question 25

the sex chromosomes are a pair. The …… sex chromosome is called the … chromosome, the …. one the Y chromosome

Answer 25

The highlighted pair of chromosomes are called the sex chromosomes; they are a pair. The longer sex chromosome is called the X chromosome, the shorter one the Y chromosome.

Question 26

The chromosomes in a pair carry the ….. ……. in the same places. But there are different versions of the same gene. Different versions of the same gene are called …. For example, the ….. for eye colour has an …… for blue eye colour and an ….. for brown. For any gene, a person may have the……….. …… ……….. or two different ones

Answer 26

The chromosomes in a pair carry the same genes in the same places. But there are different versions of the same gene.
Different versions of the same gene are called alleles (pronounced ‘al-eels’) For example, the gene for eye colour has an allele for blue eye colour and an allele for brown. For any gene, a person may have the same two alleles or two different ones

Question 27

Alleles may be either…….. … …………

Answer 27

Alleles may be either recessive or dominant.

Question 28

A dominant allele always shows, even if the individual only has …. copy of it. For example, the …. for brown eyes is …. You only need one copy of it to have brown eyes. Two copies will still give you ….. eyes.

Answer 28

A dominant allele always shows, even if the individual only has one copy of it. For example, the allele for brown eyes is dominant. You only need one copy of it to have brown eyes. Two copies will still give you brown eyes.

Question 29

AN individual can be called a ….. because, even though they have brown eyes, they still carry the….. for blues eyes and can pass this ….. on to future generations.

Answer 29

An individual can be is called a carrier because, even though they have brown eyes, they still carry the allele for blues eyes and can pass this allele on to future generations.

Question 30

When describing an organism it is important to distinguish between the genotype and……

Answer 30

When describing an organism it is important to distinguish between the genotype and phenotype.

Question 31

The Genotype describes …………………………………..The

Phenotype describes ……………………….

Answer 31

Genotype describes the genetic make-up of an organism (the combination of alleles).
Phenotype describes the observable, physical characteristics that an organism has. This is often related to a particular gene.

Question 32

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by a……allele.

Answer 32

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by a recessive allele.

Question 33

People with ………(CF) produce abnormally …….. and …….. mucus in their lungs and airways. As a result, they are more likely to get …………

Answer 33

People with CF produce abnormally thick and sticky mucus in their lungs and airways. As a result, they are more likely to get respiratory infections.

Question 34

You need to inherit ….. …………….of the faulty allele to be born with CF. If you have just one copy, you are a …………, but will not experience any symptoms. If two carriers have a child together, there is a ……… chance of passing on the disorder.

Answer 34

You need to inherit two copies of the faulty allele to be born with CF. If you have just one copy, you are a carrier, but will not experience any symptoms. If two carriers have a child together, there is a one-in-four chance of passing on the disorder.

Question 35

What causes Huntington’s disorder?

Answer 35

Huntington’s disorder is caused by a dominant allele, written as H.

Question 36

If one parent - the mother - carries one copy of the Huntington’s allele and has the disorder but the father does not carry the Huntington’s allele, what is the chance of the couple producing a child with the disorder?

Answer 36

There is a 1 in 2 or 50 per cent chance of the couple producing a child with the disorder.

Question 37

Discuss ideas about science as regards genetic testing and values…

Answer 37

Scientists are now able to test adults and foetuses for alleles that can cause genetic diseases. However, the scientific information produced raises many issues that science cannot address. For example, should a couple with a one-in-four risk of having a child with cystic fibrosis take the gamble, or decide not to have any children at all? If a woman becomes pregnant with a child that is going to have cystic fibrosis, should she have the child, or consider having an abortion? These are questions about values that science cannot answer. Different people will have different views.

Question 38

What is Antenatal testing?

Answer 38

Antenatal testing is used to analyse an individual’s DNA or chromosomes before they are born. At the moment, it cannot detect all inherited disorders.

Question 39

There is a test that is used just after a baby has been born. It is designed to detect …………………………………………………………………………………………………….?

Answer 39

It is designed to detect genetic disorders that can be treated early. In the UK, all babies are screened for phenylketonuria, congenital hypothyroidism and cystic fibrosis. Babies born to families that are at risk of sickle cell disease are also tested.

Question 40

What is Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis? (PGD)

Answer 40

Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis is (PGD) is a procedure used on embryos before implantation.

Question 41

What is Predictive testing ?

Answer 41

Predictive testing is used to detect genetic disorders where the symptoms develop later in life, such as Huntington’s disorder. Predictive testing can be valuable to people who have no symptoms but have a family member with a genetic disorder. The results can help to inform decisions about possible medical care.

Question 42

What are the limits of genetic testing?

Answer 42

Genetic tests are not available for every possible inherited disorder. And they are not completely reliable. They may produce false positive or false negative results, which can have serious consequences.

Question 43

When a genetic test has wrongly detected a certain allele or faulty chromosome it is called a ……………. …………… Why is this serious?

Answer 43

False positives
A false positive occurs when a genetic test has wrongly detected a certain allele or faulty chromosome. The affected individual or family could believe something is wrong when it is not, which may lead them to decide against starting a family or considering an abortion in order to avoid having a baby with a genetic disorder.

Question 44

When does a False negatives happen in a genetic test ? Why is this serious ?

Answer 44

False negatives
A false negative happens when a genetic test has failed to detect a certain allele or faulty chromosome. The affected individual or family would be wrongly reassured, which may lead them to decide to start a family or continue with a pregnancy that they otherwise would have avoided.

Question 45

Can science can answer the question, ‘What are the chances of my child having cystic fibrosis?’ ? Can it cannot answer the question, ‘Should I have my pregnancy terminated?’

Answer 45

yes and no

Question 46

What is the issue at the heart of a debate about treating genetic diseases with gene therapy?

Answer 46

some people think that altering our DNA is against nature or God. The ethical issue is whether scientists should be allowed to use gene therapy.

Question 47

We should Identify arguments that are based on the right decision, ie a decision that produces the….. ……. for most of the people involved. Give an example of that type of argument

Answer 47

Identify arguments that are based on the right decision, ie a decision that produces the best outcome for most of the people involved. e.g. So, if a certain type of gene therapy involves a risk of causing harm but 90 per cent of the people who have the therapy are cured, it could be argued that it is worth taking the risk

Question 48

It is important to Identify when certain actions are very hard to justify because they are considered unnatural or wrong. Give an example, regarding cystic fibrosis?

Answer 48

For example, we could wipe out cystic fibrosis in one generation if we made sure that anyone who was a carrier was not allowed to have children. However, most people would consider this action to be immoral and wrong.

Question 49

Access to our genetic profile - Some people believe employers should have access to our genetic profile when we apply for a job. Why?

Answer 49

Access to our genetic profile could employers to determine how much time we are likely to take off due to illness, and use this information to help decide whether or not to offer us a job.

Question 50

Genetic testing is an example of what is technically feasible, ie what can be done. But the decisions we take on how to use this information are an example of ….. and cannot be ‘answered’ by science.

Answer 50

Both of these are examples of values that science cannot address. Genetic testing is an example of what is technically feasible, ie what can be done. But the decisions we take on how to use this information are an example of values, and cannot be ‘answered’ by science.

Question 51

Society is going to have to decide who has access to our genetic profile. For example, should we all be on a DNA database to help the police catch criminals? Or is this a step too far, because in the future it could allow employers and …… ……………………to access to data that we would rather they did not see?

Answer 51

Society is going to have to decide who has access to our genetic profile. For example, should we all be on a DNA database to help the police catch criminals? Or is this a step too far, because in the future it could allow employers and insurance companies to access to data that we would rather they did not see?

Question 52

Scientific data does not change according to who is reading it. But ……….. can change, especially in different environmental and ……………. contexts. Give an example regarding what Roman Catholics think ?

Answer 52

Changing values - Scientific data does not change according to who is reading it. But values can change, especially in different environmental and social contexts. For instance, many Roman Catholics think abortion is a sin, but many other people do not and choose to have an abortion because they think it is the right thing to do.

Question 53

Cloning occurs naturally in some plants and in human identical twins, and it is now possible to clone …………artificially.

Answer 53

Cloning occurs naturally in some plants and in human identical twins, and it is now possible to clone animals artificially.

Question 54

Clones are ……………. …………… individuals.

Answer 54

Clones are genetically identical individuals. .

Question 55

Asexual reproduction only requires ……., unlike sexual reproduction, which needs ….. Since there is only one parent, there is no fusion of ……. , and no mixing of …… …………… As a result, the offspring are…………… ……………….to the parent, and to each other - so they are clones.

Answer 55

Asexual reproduction only requires one parent, unlike sexual reproduction, which needs two. Since there is only one parent, there is no fusion of gametes, and no mixing of genetic information. As a result, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent, and to each other - so they are clones.

Question 56

What plants produce side branches with ………… on them?

Answer 56

Some plants produce side branches with plantlets on them. The Busy Lizzie plant does this. Others, such as strawberry plants, produce runners with plantlets on them.

Question 57

Since there is only….. ………in asexual reproduction, which needs two, there is no ……… .. ………….., and no mixing of genetic information. As a result, the offspring are ……… ………….. to the parent, and to each other - so they are clones.

Answer 57

Asexual reproduction only requires one parent, unlike sexual reproduction, which needs two. Since there is only one parent, there is no fusion of gametes, and no mixing of genetic information. As a result, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent, and to each other - so they are clones.

Question 58

Asexual reproduction in plants can take a number of forms. Many plants develop ………… ……..-……………. organs that later develop into … ………….. ……….. …………. Give an two examples

Answer 58

Asexual reproduction in plants can take a number of forms. Many plants develop underground food-storage organs that later develop into the following year’s plants. Potato plants and daffodil plants do this.

Question 59

Some plants produce side branches with ……. on them.

Answer 59

Some plants produce side branches with plantlets on them.

Question 60

Asexual reproduction in animals is less common than sexual reproduction but it does happen in… ………… ……… ……… …………for example.

Answer 60

Asexual reproduction in animals is less common than sexual reproduction but it does happen in sea anemones and starfish, for example.

Question 61

atural cloning; Twins are genetically identical because they are formed after ……. ….. ……… is fertilised but splits to form …. …….. They have the same ……. As the genes came from both parents they are not clones of either parent, but they are natural clones of ….. ………

Answer 61

natural cloning : Twins are genetically identical because they are formed after one egg cell is fertilised but splits to form two embryos. They have the same genes. As the genes came from both parents they are not clones of either parent, but they are natural clones of each other.

Question 62

It is possible to make clones artificially. The cloning of animals has many important commercial implications. Name an example

Answer 62

It allows an individual animal that has desirable features, such as a cow that produces a lot of milk, to be duplicated several times.

Question 63

There are two types of stem cells? What are they are?

Answer 63

adult stem cells - these are unspecialised cells that can develop into many (but not all) types of cells
embryonic stem cells - these are unspecialised cells that can develop into any type of cell.

Question 64

During the development of an embryo, most of the cells become….. (cells with…………………to structure according to the task they have to perform). They can or cannot later change to become a different type of cell.

Answer 64

During the development of an embryo, most of the cells become specialised (cells with modifications to structure according to the task they have to perform). They cannot later change to become a different type of cell.

Question 65

What are specialised cells? Can they later change to become a different type of cell?

Answer 65

During the development of an embryo, most of the cells become specialised (cells with modifications to structure according to the task they have to perform). They cannot later change to become a different type of cell.

Question 66

What are some of the things stem cells could be used for?

Answer 66

Here are some of the things stem cells could be used for:
making new brain cells to treat people with Parkinson’s disease
rebuilding bones and cartilage
repairing damaged immune systems
making replacement heart valves.

Question 67

There are two main ways to clone animals. What are they?

Answer 67

Embryo transplants and Fusion cell cloning

Question 68

What is an Embryo transplant?

Answer 68

A developing embryo is removed from a pregnant animal at an early stage, before its cells have had time to become specialised. The cells are separated, grown for a while in a laboratory then transplanted into host mothers.

Question 69

What is Fusion cell cloning?

Answer 69

Fusion cell cloning involves replacing the nucleus of an unfertilised egg with one from a different cell. The replacement can come from an embryo. If it is from an adult cell, it is called adult cell cloning.

Question 70

If you were to receive medical treatment with cells grown from stem cells, your body’s immune system would recognise the cells as ………, and they would be ………….. and ….. But this would not happen if you received cells …. …. ……… ……… .. …….. ……. This could be done by cloning ….. ….. …….. …… .to produce an ………, then taking ….. ……. from this. .

Answer 70

If you were to receive medical treatment with cells grown from stem cells, your body’s immune system would recognise the cells as foreign, and they would be rejected and die. But this would not happen if you received cells with the same genes as your own.
This could be done by cloning one of your cells to produce an embryo, then taking stem cells from this.

Question 71

what do chromosomes consist of ? They consist of long strands of a substance called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA for short.

Answer 71

They consist of long strands of a substance called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA for short. A section of DNA that has the genetic code for making a particular protein is called a gene. The proteins can either be

Question 72

what is called the section of DNA has the genetic code for making a particular protein?

Answer 72

A section of DNA that has the genetic code for making a particular protein is called a gene.

Question 73

What do chromosomes consist of ?

Answer 73

They consist of long strands of a substance called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA for short.

Question 74

A pair of chromosomes carry the ….. …… in the same place, on each chromosome within the …. However, there are different versions of a …. called ….. These alleles may be the same (…………) on each pair of chromosomes, or different (………..), for example, to give blue eyes or brown eyes.

Answer 74

A pair of chromosomes carry the same genes in the same place, on each chromosome within the pair. However, there are different versions of a gene called alleles. These alleles may be the same (homozygous) on each pair of chromosomes, or different (heterozygous), for example, to give blue eyes or brown eyes.

Question 75

A Genotype describes the …… make-up of an …… (the combination of alleles).

Answer 75

Genotype describes the genetic make-up of an organism (the combination of alleles).

Question 76

What does a Genotype describe?

Answer 76

Genotype describes the genetic make-up of an organism (the combination of alleles).

Question 77

What does a Phenotype describe ?

Answer 77

Phenotype describes the observable, physical characteristics that an organism has. This is often related to a particular gene.

Question 78

Phenotype describes the …………. …. …………………. has. This is often related to a particular gene.

Answer 78

Phenotype describes the observable, physical characteristics that an organism has. This is often related to a particular gene.

Question 79

For CF sufferers, daily physiotherapy helps to relieve …… while …………. can fight infection. The disease blocks tubes that take ……. to the gut meaning food is not ……. properly, leaving the person short of essential ………

Answer 79

Cystic Fibrosis sufferers require daily physiotherapy which helps to relieve congestion, while antibiotics can fight infection. The disease blocks tubes that take enzymes to the gut meaning food is not digested properly, leaving the person short of essential nutrients.

Question 80

What are the symptoms of Huntingdon’s disorder?

Answer 80

The symptoms usually develop in middle age, and include tremors, clumsiness, mood changes, memory loss and the inability to concentrate.

Question 81

What is a Punnett square?

Answer 81

A way of showing the chances of genetic disorders (I think)

Question 82

Prenatal testing for ……., which is caused by a faulty chromosome, is offered to all pregnant women?

Answer 82

Prenatal testing for Down’s syndrome, which is caused by a faulty chromosome, is offered to all pregnant women.

Question 83

Prenatal testing is offered to couples who ……………………………………………………………….

Answer 83

Prenatal testing is offered to couples who may have an increased risk of producing a baby with an inherited disorder.

Question 84

what is in vitro fertilisation (IVF).

Answer 84

Fertility drugs are taken by the female so that several eggs are released and collected by a doctor. These eggs are then fertilised in a Petri dish by sperm, either from the father or a donor. This is known as in vitro fertilisation (IVF).

Question 85

A common argument when discussing ethical issues like this is that the ….. decision is the one that leads to the ….. ………….. for the ………….. of those involved.

Answer 85

A common argument when discussing ethical issues like this is that the right decision is the one that leads to the best outcome for the majority of those involved.

Question 86

Bacteria, plants and some animals can reproduce ………….to form clones that are genetically identical to their parent. Identical human twins are also clones: any differences between them are due to …………

Answer 86

Bacteria, plants and some animals can reproduce asexually to form clones that are genetically identical to their parent. Identical human twins are also clones: any differences between them are due to environmental factors

Question 87

What was the first mammal to be cloned using adult cell cloning. How many years did she live?

Answer 87

‘Dolly the sheep’ was the first mammal to be cloned using adult cell cloning. She was born in the UK in 1996 and died in 2003.

Question 88

How was Dolly the sheep produced?

Answer 88

An egg cell was removed from the ovary of an adult female sheep, and its nucleus removed
The nucleus from an udder cell of a donor sheep was inserted into the empty egg cell
The fused cell then began to develop normally, using genetic information from the donated DNA
Before the dividing cells became specialised, the embryo was implanted into the uterus of a foster mother sheep. The result was Dolly, who was genetically identical to the donor sheep.

Question 89

Are the offspring of an embryo transplant identical to each other and to the original pregnant animal?

Answer 89

They are not identical to their host mothers because they contain different genetic information.

Question 90

What are the 4 steps involved in therapeutic cloning?

Answer 90

The steps involved are:

1. nucleus taken out of a human egg cell
2. nucleus from a patient’s cell put into the egg cell and egg cell stimulated to develop into an embryo
3. stem cells taken from the embryo and stem cells grown in a container of warm nutrients
4. stem cells treated to develop into required cell types.

Question 91

However, there are different versions of a gene called alleles. These alleles may be the same…………..on each pair of chromosomes, or different (heterozygous), for example, to give blue eyes or brown eyes.

Answer 91

However, there are different versions of a gene called alleles. These alleles may be the same (homozygous) on each pair of chromosomes, or different (heterozygous), for example, to give blue eyes or brown eyes.

Question 92

Sex cells only contain …. chromosome from each pair.

Answer 92

Sex cells only contain one chromosome from each pair

Question 93

When an egg cell and sperm cell join together, the …….. egg cell contains …. pairs of ………..s.

Answer 93

When an egg cell and sperm cell join together, the fertilised egg cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Question 94

One chromosome in each pair comes from the ……. the other from the ………Which chromosome we get from each pair is completely ……… This means different children in the same family will each get a ………

Answer 94

One chromosome in each pair comes from the mother, the other from the father.
Which chromosome we get from each pair is completely random. This means different children in the same family will each get a different combination.

Question 95

why do children in the same family look a little like each other and a little like each parent, but are not identical to them.

Answer 95

When an egg cell and sperm cell join together, the fertilised egg cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. One chromosome in each pair comes from the mother, the other from the father. Which chromosome we get from each pair is completely random. This means different children in the same family will each get a different combination. This is why children in the same family look a little like each other and a little like each parent, but are not identical to them

Question 96

females are ….

males are ….

Answer 96

females are XX

males are XY.

Question 97

A ……….allele only shows if the individual has two copies of it. For example, the allele for … eyes is recessive. You need … ……. of this allele to have blue eyes.

Answer 97

A recessive allele only shows if the individual has two copies of it. For example, the allele for blue eyes is recessive. You need two copies of this allele to have blue eyes.

Question 98

Genotype describes the genetic make-up of an organism (the combination of alleles).

Answer 98

Genotype describes the genetic make-up of an organism (the combination of alleles).

Question 99

Phenotype describes the observable, physical characteristics that an organism has. This is often related to a particular gene.

Answer 99

Phenotype describes the observable, physical characteristics that an organism has. This is often related to a particular gene.

Question 100

Sex cells only contain …. chromosome from each pair. When an ……cell and …. cell join together, the ….. egg cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. One chromosome in each pair comes from the …., the other from the …..
Which chromosome we get from each pair is completely random.

Answer 100

Sex cells only contain one chromosome from each pair. When an egg cell and sperm cell join together, the fertilised egg cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. One chromosome in each pair comes from the mother, the other from the father.
Which chromosome we get from each pair is completely random. This means different children in the same family will each get a different combination. This is why children in the same family look a little like each other and a little like each parent, but are not identical to them.

Question 101

What it is IVF ?

Answer 101

Fertility drugs are taken by the female so that several eggs are released and collected by a doctor. These eggs are then fertilised in a Petri dish by sperm, either from the father or a donor. This is known as in vitro fertilisation (IVF).

Question 102

Describe how PGD is carried out?

Answer 102

Once the embryos have reached the eight-cell stage, one cell is removed from each.
The cells are tested for the allele posing a risk (for example the Huntington’s allele). This is known as PGD. Embryos that don’t contain the unwanted allele are then implanted into the uterus to hopefully create a lower risk, full-term pregnancy.