yellow cards Flashcards

1
Q

where is most freshwater that is available for us?

A

Groundwater aquifers - mostly used for irrigation

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2
Q

sinkholes

A

when the roofs of caves collapse

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3
Q

Creep

A

the expansions/contraction of surface materials leads to very slow and gradual downhill movement of soil

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4
Q

Septic tank sewage disposal

A

-contaminated water slowly infiltrates into soil

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5
Q

Artesian systems

A

pump themselves due to water table in recharge area being at a higher elevation

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6
Q

consequences of water withdrawal

A

-compaction
-permanent lowering of permeability
-subsidence

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7
Q

human influence on mass wasting hazards

A
  • weakening of slope material
    -steepening of the slope
    -addition of weight at the top of slopes
    -humans are sculpting the surface of earth faster than natural processes
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8
Q

non-metallic mineral resources

A
  • evaporate minerals
    -diamonds
    -stone
    -aggregate
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9
Q

Stalacites

A

hanging down cave ceilings like icicles
produced by dripstone

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10
Q

Impermeable unit of material is?

A

aquitard

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11
Q

earth flow

A

when clay rich soil becomes saturated with water it behaves like a viscous fluid

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12
Q

how are mountain belts formed

A

-young divergent plate boundaries where litosphere is stretched and thinned by tensional stress
-at convergent plate boundaries (due to shortening and thickening of lithosphere

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13
Q

petroleum source materials

A

-marine organic matter pressured in anoxic
-derived from remains of marine plants
-oil prone organic matter preserved

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14
Q

karst

A

underground drainage system with caves and sinkholes

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15
Q

how much ice covers how much on the earth

A

10% of earths surface

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16
Q

Glaciers

A

slowly moving, thick mass of ice formed by accumulation, compaction, and recrystallization of snow on mountains

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17
Q

Stalagmites

A

mounds of travertine limestone growing upwards from cave floor

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18
Q

Columns

A

produced from stalacites and stalagmites connecting to form a column

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19
Q

Rift valley

A

when tectonic plates diverge it makes rift valley

20
Q

debris flow

A

assortment of surface materials, both fine and coarse grained

21
Q

mudfow

A

consists of loose material mixed with a large amount of water

22
Q

zone of aeration

A

pores that contain water and air

23
Q

unconfined aquifer

A

an aquifer that receives water directly from the land surface above

24
Q

confined aquifer

A

aquifer that is overlain by a layer of relatively impermeable material

25
Q

Influent stream

A

loses water to groundwater system

26
Q

Effluent stream

A

gains water from groundwater system

27
Q

two types of glaciers

A

icesheets and alpine glaciers

28
Q

icesheets

A

immense sheets of ice on continental scale. Flow radially from areas of greatest ice accumulation

29
Q

alpine glaciers

A

relatively small, occupying mountain valleys. Flow downslope

30
Q

Lahars

A

-debris flow and mudflows specifically associated with volcanoes
-formed with large amounts of water and mixes with loose pyroclastic materials and flows downslope

31
Q

Firn

A

-snowflakes that become smaller, thicker, and more spherical to produce firn
-becomes glacial ice when firn fuses together to form solid mass

32
Q

where is majority of fresh water

A

glacial ice

33
Q

zone of saturation

A

pores contain water only

34
Q

drift prospecting

A

pioneered in Canada and it samples glacial till for indicator imerals

35
Q

future hydro carbon sources?

A

found in deep sea and permafrost

36
Q

Potash in Saskwatchewan

A

During the devonian period
-elk point basin became blocked from the rest of the sea
-close to equator so lots of population took place

37
Q

water tower

A

artesian systems

38
Q

glacial outwash deposits

A

-outwash is waterlain material
-till is directly deposited by glacial ice

39
Q

horsts

A

elongated, high standing blocks of crust bounded by faults

40
Q

fault block mountains

A

-the tilted edges of large crustal blocks
-rocks made by tectonic and localized stresses in earths crust

41
Q

grabens

A

formed by the downward displacement of fault bounded blocks. Produced on either side of a rift

42
Q

Ordovician

A

used to make brick

43
Q

Silurian dolostone

A

used for chemical industries and in construction

44
Q

devonian

A

construction and cement

45
Q

unconventional hydrocarbon resources

A

oil sands: lots of bitumen
shale gas: gas trapped in source rocks
oil shale: large deposits
-requires heating to converge bitumen to oil

46
Q

required to make oil trap?

A

-marine organic matter
-reservoir to container for petroleum
-cap rock to seal for oil trap