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Industrialisation of Britain and the People > Yellow > Flashcards

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1
Q

When was Disraeli PM?

A

1874-80

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2
Q

What did Disraeli introduce?

A
  • Artisan’s Dwelling Act (1875)
  • Public Health Act (1875)
  • Employers and Workmen Act (1875)
  • 2 Factory Acts (1874&78)
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3
Q

The Artisan’s Dwelling Act

A

1875

Gave the local authority the power to purchase, clear and then redevelop slums

Benefits - the beginning of local authority housing

Drawbacks - not compulsory, many city councils chose to ignore it and it meant people did not have to give up their homes. Therefore, it was ineffective.

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4
Q

The Public Health Act

A

1875

  • Pulled together all existing sanitary legislation.
  • Laid down the minimum standards of drainage, sewage disposal and refuse
  • It faced opposition as some saw it as too much intervention and lack of personal freedom
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5
Q

Employers and Workmen Act

A

1875

  • Placed both sides of industry in equal footing allowing all breaches of contract to be covered by civil law.
  • Was a major step towards labour law reform
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6
Q

Disraeli’s Factory Acts

A

1874 and 78

  • Consolidation of all previous factory acts
  • Set a code of regulations for conditions in factories
  • Reduced men’s working hours indirectly by reducing women and children’s hours
  • All factories now com under the umbrella of state inspectorate (meaning the state now offered protection)
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7
Q

Who benefitted the most from Disraeli’s reforms?

A

The working class.

But, the W/C men voted for Gladstone, not Disraeli.

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8
Q

Who were the Peelites?

A
  • Breakaway faction of the Conservative Party
  • Ran by Peel until 1850, then by Aberdeen and then Gladstone
  • Wanted free trade, economic reform, peace and retrenchment
  • Would support the Whigs
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9
Q

Who were the Radicals (1850s)?

A
  • Mixed bunch (will blend into liberals)
  • Free Traders
  • Led by Cobton and Bright
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10
Q

When was the Great Reform Act?

A

1832

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11
Q

What led to the Great Reform Act?

A
  • Place’s NPU (1831)
  • Swing Riots (1830)
  • July Revolution in France (1830)
  • Grey became PM who was more open-minded (1830)
  • Attwood’s BPU (1829)
  • Hunt and early protests from 1917-19 e.g. Peterloo
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12
Q

Who is Cobbett and and what did he say?

A

A Radical politician that called the government “old corruption” in his weekly newspaper ‘The Political Register’

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13
Q

Who was Bentham and what did he say?

A

An English philosopher - criticised the government for failing to achieve the ‘greatest happiness of the greatest number’ as the government was only satisfying the needs of the minority.

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14
Q

What did the Great Reform Act do?

A
  • redistribute seats (56 rotten boroughs lost both MPs)
  • gave the middle-class the vote
  • voting in the county: 40 shilling freeholders, £10 copy holders and £50 tenants at will
  • voting in the burrows: it was now uniform to £10 householders
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15
Q

Problems with the Great Reform Act

A

Women still could not vote

Lower class were still unable to vote

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16
Q

When was Pitt’s first ministry?

A

1783-1801

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17
Q

When was Pitt’s second ministry?

A

1804-06

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18
Q

Who introduced the Sinking Fund?

A

Pitt

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19
Q

What was the Sinking Fund?

A

A pot where Pitt placed £1 million a year into from taxes in order to lower the National Debt

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20
Q

How high was the National Debt in 1786?

A

All time high of £240 million

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21
Q

What were the effects of the Sinking Fund?

A

Restored national confidence

Tackled the National Debt by £10 million

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22
Q

What was the issue with the Sinking Fund?

A

It only worked during peace time - was a failure during war time

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23
Q

When was the Sinking Fund introduced?

A

1786

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24
Q

When was the Consolidation Act introduced?

A

1787

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25
Q

What was the Consolidation Act?

A

Lowered and simplified imports and exports

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26
Q

What administrative reforms did Pitt introduce?

A
  • abolished hundreds of sinecure offices
  • abolished free post for MPs
  • set up a new central stationary department
  • devised a new budgeting system
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27
Q

When was the Hovering Act introduced?

A

1787

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28
Q

What was the Hovering Act?

A

Enabled authorities to confiscate ships suspected of carrying smuggled goods within four miles of the shore.

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29
Q

What were Pitt’s new ‘indirect’ taxes?

A

Because taxation was reduced due to the Consolidation Act, which lowered government revenue, Pitt had to introduce new taxes.

These were on possessions and pleasures of the rich such as hats, carriages and even windows (the glass industry suffered)

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30
Q

When was the Catholic Relief Act introduced?

A

1793

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31
Q

Why was the Catholic Relief Act introduced?

A

In order to dampen Catholic enthusiasm in Ireland

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32
Q

What did the Catholic Relief Act do?

A

Gave Catholics the right to vote but they could not be MPs

33
Q

Percentage of middle class in 1800

A

25%

34
Q

Who were the middle class?

A

Competitive and hardworking merchants, tradesmen and professionals who used the investment opportunities that were brought on by industrialisation in order to increase their wealth

35
Q

Why was social order changing at the end of the 18th century?

A

There was rapid developments in trade and industry and an increase in population.

36
Q

What was the Whigs’ view on the French Revolution?

A

Hailed the revolution as a victory for democracy and freedom

37
Q

What was Pitt’s view on the French Revolution?

A

Believed that internal strife would preoccupy the French government so that France would not disturb European peace

38
Q

What was the radical response to the French Revolution?

A

Tom Paine published ‘The Rights of Man’ in 1791 where he said that the revolution was a triumph for the ordinary man

39
Q

What was the London Corresponding Society?

A

Set up by Thomas Hardy

A group of men who wanted political reform and lower taxes and corresponded through meetings and the distribution of pamphlets

40
Q

When was the London Corresponding Society set up?

A

1792

41
Q

When was the Seditious Writings Act introduced?

A

1792

42
Q

Why was the Seditious Writings Act introduced?

A

Due to the rapid spread of corresponding societies and anti-government publications, to curb the radical influence

43
Q

When was the Treasonable Practices Act introduced?

A

1795

44
Q

What was the Treasonable Practices Act?

A

Made it an offence to speak against the King.

45
Q

When was habeas corpus suspended (1700s)?

A

1794

46
Q

What is habeas corpus?

A

Authorities could not arrest without trial/reason. It protects against unlawful imprisonment.

47
Q

When were the September Massacres?

A

1792

48
Q

What were the September Massacres?

A

Revolutionary leaders killed thousands of French prisoners who were suspected to be counter-revolutionaries

49
Q

Unrest at home during wars with France

A

Due to bad harvests, high prices and a slump in trade NOT because of a desire to overthrow the monarch

50
Q

When did ideas of socialism start to emerge?

A

1812

51
Q

Who was Robert Owen?

A

A prominent social reformer who wanted to improve living and working conditions for the laboring classes.

52
Q

What were Robert Owen’s ideas to improve the lives of the labouring classes?

A
  • being properly treated and nurtured would increase productivity
  • no exploitation in the workforce
  • limits on age of children working and their work hours
  • organised recreation was essential for their well-being
53
Q

What was New Lanark?

A

Where Robert Owen put his ideas into practice as he believed that character was formed by circumstances but you could improve character by controlling the environment.

Children would start at the school very young while their mothers were working in the mills.

54
Q

Who designed the Puffing Billy?

A

William Healey

55
Q

When was the Puffing Billy designed?

A

1813

56
Q

When was the Bank Holiday Act?

A

1870

57
Q

What was the effect of the railway on Britain’s GDP?

A

Rose from under 1% to over 2% (1850)

58
Q

How many different railway companies was there by 1840?

A

Over 200

59
Q

What percentage of brick production went to the railway industry?

A

30%

60
Q

How many miles did the railways cover in 1832?

A

100 miles

61
Q

How many miles did the railways cover in 1843?

A

2000 miles

62
Q

How many miles did the railways cover in 1846?

A

4000 miles

63
Q

When was the Railway Act?

A

1844

64
Q

What was the Railway Act?

A

Stated that every railway company must provide a carriage for third class passengers at least once a day and the fare should not be more than 1 penny per mile.

This was called the Parliamentary Train.

65
Q

When was the Stockton to Darlington line opened?

A

1825

66
Q

What was the first railway line to use steam locomotives?

A

Stockton to Darlington

67
Q

What was the impact of the railway revolution?

A
  • created new jobs
  • enabled industrialisation to continue
  • the tourist industry emerged
  • many other industries increased because of it e.g. glass, brick, iron and steel
  • fresh foods transported into towns at cheaper price
68
Q

What was the first locomotive steam train?

A

The Rocket - created by George Stephenson and his son in 1829

69
Q

When was the Manchester to Liverpool line opened?

A

1830

70
Q

What was the first intercity railway line?

A

Manchester to Liverpool

71
Q

Who designed the first train?

A

Richard Trevithick in 1804

72
Q

When were the Enclosure Acts?

A

1834-35

73
Q

When was the Agricultural Drainage Act?

A

1846

74
Q

What was the Agricultural Drainage Act?

A

It set up loans for farmers to improve field drainage which then allowed the land to take wheat which was more profitable than oats

75
Q

When was Chadwick’s report?

A

1842

76
Q

What was the name of Chadwick’s report?

A

Report in the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain

77
Q

What was Chadwick’s report?

A

It exposed the unhygienic conditions in Britain and became the blueprint of improved sanitation and eventually a proper drainage system in every community.

78
Q

Whose ideas was Chadwick guided by?

A

Bentham

Industrialisation of Britain and the People (3 decks)

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