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1
Q

Why was the factory system created?

A

There was an increase in cotton production

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2
Q

Spinning Jenny

A

Hargreave

1764

The first multi-spindle spinning machine

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3
Q

Water frame

A

Arkwright

1769

Spinning frame powered by a water wheel

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4
Q

Mule

A

Crompton

1779

A cross between a Water Frame and a Spinning Jenny

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5
Q

When and why was cotton industry growing?

A

1783 was when Britain was in the midst of a rapid growth in the cotton industry

It was cheaper and more comfortable than other materials

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6
Q

Power Loom

A

Cartwright

1789

A loom operated by steam power

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7
Q

How did iron, coal and cotton boost each other?

A

Cotton & iron - The cotton industry’s technological advancements boosted the iron industry e.g. water wheels

Iron and coal - iron foundries were built near coal fields to access fuel cheaply and easily as coal replaced wood as fuel in iron smelting

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8
Q

(1788-1804) Output of pig iron stats

A

1788 - 68,000 tons
1804 - 250,000 tons

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9
Q

(1783-1812) output of coal stats

A

1780s - 7 million tons
1812 - 14 million tons

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10
Q

When were canals popular?

A

1780s (but it was short lived)

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11
Q

Benefits of canals

A
  • heavy and bulky goods could be transported more cheaply and easily
  • fresh produce transported to newly-expanding towns
  • attractive investment opportunities
  • effective means of transportation (essential for industrial growth)
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12
Q

Drawbacks of canals

A
  • difficult and expensive to construct
  • limited routes
  • froze up in winter
  • slow to operate
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13
Q

Condition of agriculture in 1800

A
  • less people working as agricultural labourers (more in industry)
  • higher prices as the increasing population demanded more food
  • enclosure of land resulted in higher crop yields and healthier livestock
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14
Q

What was introduced into agriculture in 1800s?

A
  • 4 plant crop rotation
  • spreading manure
  • scientific stock-breeding
  • mechanical improvements (slowly) e.g. seed drill
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15
Q

Benefits of enclosure

A
  • increased overall productions
  • made healthy profits (for landowners and farmers)
  • population had a greater variety of fresh food
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16
Q

When were the Combination Acts?

A

1799-1800

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17
Q

What did the Combination Acts do?

A

Made all working men’s societies illegal

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18
Q

Why were the Combination Acts introduced?

A

A petition was presented to parliament from the master millwright of London complaining about strike threats as many skilled artisans started trade societies to persuade employers to increase wages.

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19
Q

Friendly Societies Act

A

1793

Gave members of Friendly Societies legal rights to have meetings and have their funds protected.

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20
Q

When were the Combination Acts repealed?

A

1824

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21
Q

Why were the Combination Acts repealed?

A

Pressure from the skilled artisans led by Francis Place (radical).

Place argued that trade was expanding and unemployment had fallen and so in legalising trade unions, members would reject violence and be more productive.

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22
Q

Amending Act

A

1825

Recession caused hardship which led to strikes so the government put obstacles in the way of further strikes and made it illegal to ‘obstruct’ other workers while keeping trade unions legal.

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23
Q

Gaol Acts

A

1823

Introduced by Peel

  • removal of minor crimes that were punished by death (e.g. pickpocketing)
  • separate male and female gaols
  • female prisoners looked after by female wardens
  • regular visits by chaplains
  • payment of gaolers (previously, they were relying on payment from prisoners)

Ineffective - no paid inspectors (didn’t happen until 1853 Prison Act)

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24
Q

When and why did the Whig party disintegrate?

A

1793

The Whigs were split on their opinions of the French Revolution:
- pro-revolution whigs led by Fox
- anti-revolution whigs who supported Pitt

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25
Q

When and why did Pitt drop the notion of reform?

A

1785

He propose a bill to redistribute seats from rotten boroughs to northern counties and London but this was defeated and the King expressed his approval - aristocracy were not interested in supporting change (it would disturb their own dominance of power)

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26
Q

Society of Friends of the People

A

Formed in 1792

Formed by Charles Grey (supporter of Fox) to promote equal representation.
Put forward a motion for parliamentary reform in 1793 but it was defeated massively.

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27
Q

How did the French Revolution affect reform?

A

The violence of the revolution made the government suspicious of the reformers’ motives.

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28
Q

Luddism

A

1811

The introduction of the power loom threatened the livelihood of hand loom weavers especially in Lancashire. So, when the government failed to secure a Minimum Wage Bill in 1808, they began to smash the machines.

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29
Q

Treaty of Amiens

A

1802 - end of the first stage of the wars with France

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30
Q

Levee en Masse Act

A

1803

French act that listed all men between 17-55 were to be trained, armed and ready to fight.

Ended up being around 800,000 men.

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31
Q

Political impact of French war

A

There had been 5 PMs while the war was going on.

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32
Q

Orders in Council

A

1807

Stated that all countries that excluded British ships would be subjected to a British blockade

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33
Q

National Debt during wartime

A
  • not successful during war time as it was too expensive
  • 1801 = £450 million
  • 1815 = £850 million
  • 1805 - income tax was increased which helped with war expenses
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34
Q

Economic collapse during wartime

A

British merchants started to trade with South American countries who were eager for British goods. However manufacturers started to overproduce and within months they faced an economic collapse.

Alongside this there was also failed harvests, collapse of banks, inflation and a shortage of cash.

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35
Q

Social impact of wartime

A
  • distressed labouring classes (fixed incomes as wages had fallen behind prices, could not afford basic necessities)
  • 1810-11 economic crisis caused by bad harvests, food prices and business depression
  • 1811 Luddites
  • diets were less varied
  • a drop in the purchase of non food items
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36
Q

When was Liverpool PM?

A

1812-27

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37
Q

How was Liverpool described?

A

‘A safe pair of hands’

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38
Q

What political difficulties did Liverpool face?

A
  • differing views and personalities among his ministers
  • out-matched in debating skills by Radicals and Whigs so it proved difficult to hold a majority in the commons
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39
Q

What were the ‘new look’ Tories?

A

1821-23 - Liverpool had a cabinet reshuffle which brought in younger promising political talent (e.g. Peel and Huskisson) who moved towards a more liberal approach

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40
Q

Liverpool’s repressive measures

A
  • corn laws (1815)
  • abolished income tax (1816)
  • tightened game laws (1816)
  • suspended habeas corpus (1817)
  • six acts (1819)
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41
Q

Game Laws

A

1816

Limited the hunting of game to landowners: pheasant, partridge, hares and rabbits

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42
Q

Six Acts

A

1819

Introduced to prevent any further disturbances after the Peterloo Massacre.

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43
Q

Poor Employment Act

A

1817

Exchequer Bill Loan Commission was set up to help finance public work projects that would generate employment

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44
Q

1819 Factory Act

A

No children under 9 working in cotton mills and deceased hours for young people to 12hrs/day

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45
Q

Who did Liverpool’s governemnt’s economic policy target?

A

The landowning political class (rather than ordinary people)

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46
Q

Catholic Emancipation within Liverpool’s government

A

1821- change in attitudes towards CE
1825 - Liverpool proposed an Emancipation bill and it was defeated by the Lords

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47
Q

1815 post-war depression

A
  • caused a reduction in wages.
  • the slow improvement after 1819 appeared to coincide with the general interest of reform
  • the government resumed cash payments and so the value of British currency rose.
  • depression began to lift with increase in trade, good harvests, stable price of wheat and reduction in bread prices.
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48
Q

Canning as PM

A

1827

Political fave of Liverpool, Tories disliked him due to his background, his ‘advanced ideas’ and his support for Catholic Emancipation.

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49
Q

Goderich as PM

A

1827-8

Showed few qualities of leadership, King was reluctant to make him PM, resigned after 4 months having never met with Parliament

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50
Q

Wellington as PM

A

1828-30

Had a cabinet reshuffle which brought forward the question of CE, passed Catholic Emancipation Act in 1829, Tory party disintegrated

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51
Q

What were the Test and Corporations Acts?

A

Prevented anyone who wasnt a part of the Anglican Church from taking a position in a municipal office or a civil/military position under the crown.

They were designed to target Roman Catholics and Nonconformists.

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52
Q

When and why were the Test and Corporation Acts repealed, and who by?

A

1828

Pressure from Protestant Dissenters (led by Lord John Russell) as they believed that toleration should extend to the Catholics.

Wellington

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53
Q

Corn Law Sliding Scale

A

1828 - Huskisson’s idea
1829 - introduced by Peel

It substituted the fixed rate of duty for a sliding scale to address the problems when there was a poor harvest and corn prices rose.

No foreign corn could be imported until the home price reached 80 shillings a quarter.

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54
Q

The Metropolitan Police Force

A

Peel (1829)

Preventative measure to reverse the increasing crime rates which corresponded with the Penal Code. He believed that a police force would be a major crime deterrent.

Benefits - improved on previous corrupt system which had not centralised maintenance of law and order, formed the basis of our modern policing system

Drawbacks - No immediate success, seen as a tool of Tory govt.

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55
Q

Penal Code

A

Removal of capital offences for small crimes (but, this increased the crime rate)

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56
Q

Coal production stats (1812-32)

A

1815 - 16 million tons
1830 - 30 million tons

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57
Q

Ships built stats (1820-30)

A

1820 - 67,000 tons
1830 - 75,000 tons

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58
Q

Population growth stats (1811-31)

A

1811 - 12 million
1831 - 16.3 million

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59
Q

Cast-iron power loom

A

1822 - Richard Roberts

Cartwright’s wooden power loom was clumsy and inefficient.

Revolutionised cloth production

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60
Q

Hot-air blast furnace

A

Neilson - 1828

Produced better quality iron and made the process cheaper and more efficient.

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61
Q

Early Railways

A

Steam engine efficiency was improved post-war and more efficient ways were needed for moving coal around.

1812 - Puffing Billy created by William Hedley

1825 - Stockton to Darlington line

1830 - Liverpool to Manchester line (first passenger railway - George Stephenson)

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62
Q

How was agriculture changing by 1812?

A

Transforming into an industry - starting businesses, hiring agricultural labourers, producing for a commercial market.

Helped by the Enclosure Acts (a catalyst for agricultural change)

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63
Q

What was the BPU & NPU?

A

BPU (Birmingham Political Union) was set up by Thomas Attwood in 1829 - committed to parliamentary reform, a model for other political unions, wanted votes for all men and exclusion of property qualifications

NPU (National Political Union) was set up by Francis Place in 1831 after the defeat of the from bill to be a group to pressure for parliamentary reform.

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64
Q

When and what were the Swing Riots?

A

1820s-30s

Outbreaks of violence among agricultural labourers because of the introduction of technology (e.g. threshing machine) which threatened their employment

They smashed machines and set hay-ricks ablaze

1830 - threats sent to landowners and farmers signed by ‘Captain Swing’

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65
Q

When and what was the July Revolution?

A

1830

Overthrow of King Charles X who was replaced by his cousin Louis Phillipe

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66
Q

Anti-Poor Law League

A

1834

  • set up after Poor Law Amendment Act
  • against workhouses
  • meetings, petitions, pamphlets and newspapers
  • failed to gain support and attention
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67
Q

Poor Law Amendment Act

A

1834

  • introduced workhouses
  • principle of less eligibility (the most desperate)
  • got rid of outdoor relief (Speenhamland System)
  • introduced by Earl Grey
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68
Q

Shaftesbury

A
  • tory evangelical
  • led the 10hr movement to campaign for shorter working hours (1830s)

Result:
- 1831 Factory Act: 12hrs for those under 18 (no enforcement - ineffective)
- 1833 Factory Act: No children were to work in factories under the age of nine . A maximum working week of 48 hours was set for those aged 9 to 13, limited to eight hours a day; and for children between 13 and 18 it was limited to 12 hours daily.
- 1844 Factory Act: women’s working hours were down to 12hrs/day
- 1847 10hr Bill: limited the work of women and young people (age 13-18) in textile mills to 10hrs/day

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69
Q

William Wilberforce

A
  • member of Clapham Sect (evangelical society of political revolutionaries who wanted to use political reform to better society)
  • founded the Anti-Slavery Society with Buxton in 1823.
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70
Q

When was the first Abolition of Slavery Act and what did it do?

A

1807

Stopped the trading of slaves

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71
Q

When was the second Abolition of Slavery Act and what did it do?

A

1833

Gave slaves (who were already enslaved) within the British territories their freedom.

However, the government had to pay compensation as slavery made a lot of money for people - £20 million was paid in compensation.

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72
Q

Anti-Corn Law League

A

1838

  • founded by Cobden and Bright
  • wanted the price of bread to go down
  • avoided riots and protests by going through parliament instead
  • had the church and the manufacturing class’ support (they could afford it)
  • argued that cheaper bread would stop argument for wage increase and they only protected inefficient farmers

Result:
- corn laws did repeal

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73
Q

When and why were the corn laws repealed?

A

1846

Due to the potato famine in Ireland.

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74
Q

Hampden Clubs

A
  • first formed in 1811 by Radical MP Burdett
  • made popular through men like Henry Hunt
  • political campaigning and debating societies formed as part of the Radical Movement
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75
Q

Manchester Guardian

A

1821

  • newspaper
  • mouth-piece for middle-class manufacturers who started to press for parliamentary representation
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76
Q

Spa Fields

A

1816

  • Hunt was the speaker
  • wanted universal male suffrage, secret ballots etc.
  • hoping to take over the government by taking the Tower of London and the Bank of England
  • poorly organised which led to fighting and arrests
  • local military force had to show up
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77
Q

March of the Blanketeers

A

1817

  • wanted relief of distress
  • walking from Manchester to London to present petitions to the Prince Regent
  • carried bedding
  • shut down before it even began
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78
Q

Peterloo Massacre

A

1819

  • employers refused to agree to legal minimum wage (Lancashire weavers)
  • unable to do anything else but hold a public meeting (peaceful)
  • Hunt was supposed to speak but constables were ordered to arrest him
  • 11 were killed, hundreds injured
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79
Q

Drawbacks of enclosure

A
  • emphasised inequality in countryside (more land was in the hands of fewer people)
  • pitiful wages for agricultural labourers (many forced to fall back on poor relief)
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80
Q

Liverpool’s reforms

A
  • Relief Acts for Dissenters
  • Toleration Act for Unitarians
  • Poor Employment Act (1817)
  • Factory Act (1819)
  • repeal of Combination Acts (1824)
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81
Q

When was Canning PM?

A

1827

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82
Q

Why was Canning disliked and by who?

A

Disliked by his cabinet for his support of Catholic Emancipation

Disliked by aristocracy as they looked down on his humble origins as his mother was an impoverished actress

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83
Q

When was Goderich PM?

A

1827-28 (only lasted 4 months)

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84
Q

What was Goderich like as PM?

A
  • impotent
  • showed very few qualities of leadership
  • miserable
  • never met with parliament
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85
Q

When was Wellington PM?

A

1828-30

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86
Q

What did Wellington introduce?

A
  • Repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts
  • Catholic Emancipation Act
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87
Q

When were the Test and Corporation Acts repealed?

A

1828

88
Q

What did the repeal of the Test and Corporations Act do?

A

Allowed Non conformists to hold public office

89
Q

When was the Catholic Emancipation Bill passed?

A

1829

90
Q

What did the Catholic Emancipation Act do?

A

Allowed Catholics to become MPs

91
Q

When was Peel’s Metropolitan Police Force issued?

A

1829

92
Q

What was the purpose of the Metropolitan Police Force?

A

To be a preventative measure in an attempt to reverse the upward trend of crime rates - Peel believed that a fully supported police forced would act as a major crime deterrent.

93
Q

Limitations of the Metropolitan Police Force

A
  • not an immediate success
  • seen by some as a tool of the Tory government
94
Q

Benefits of the Metropolitan Police Force

A
  • offered a better method of maintaining public order
  • improved on the existing corrupt system that had no centralised maintenance of law and order
  • was a model for the basis of our modern policing system
95
Q

When was the Reciprocity Act?

A

1823

96
Q

What was the Reciprocity Act?

A

It encouraged trade treaties with other countries on the basis of mutual tariff reductions

97
Q

When did commercial upturn end and why?

A

1825

  • failure of banks
  • businesses went bankrupt
98
Q

Effects of commercial down turn

A
  • criticism of free trade and economic policies
  • usual distress of the laboring classes
99
Q

When was the Bank Act introduced?

A

1826

100
Q

What was the Bank Act?

A

It made it legal for banks (other than the Bank of England) to operate as joint stock banks which allowed them to issue notes and hold a more robust foundation

It meant that people who use the bank don’t lose any money

101
Q

1812-32 Free Trade policies

A
  • customs and duties were lowered on raw materials used in the textile and metal industries
  • raw wool could be exported for the first time
102
Q

Effects of 1812-32 Free Trade policies

A
  • freedom from tariffs and regulations
  • encouraged an expansion of trade and industry
  • reduced smuggling
  • increase in British exports
  • lower prices in manufactured goods
103
Q

Liverpool’s government’s laissez-faire attitude

A

Believed it was not the role of the government to regulate wages and prices - the economy would run by the law of supply and demand

The government only intervened to prevent the fall in the price of corn (protecting their own interests)

104
Q

Social problems due to industrialization

A
  • lack of education
  • absence of a system of local government
  • poor working conditions
  • crowded living (led to poor public health)
  • inadequate system of poor relief
105
Q

Christopher P. Hill on the effects of industrialisation

A

The rise in population stimulated the migration of British overseas and extended the British empire

106
Q

How many Scots had emigrated in 1832?

A

10,000

107
Q

Positive effects of industrialisation

A
  • greater wealth (for some)
  • rise in the standard of living (could be argued)
  • new middle class prospered
  • larger population sustained
  • facilitated growth of trade unions
108
Q

Arnold Toynbee on the standards of living (1812-32)

A

“Side by side with a great increase of wealth was seen an enormous increase in pauperism”

109
Q

Standards of living (1812-32)

A
  • Industrialization created wealth and employment for many (middle class) but created suffering for some (laboring class)
  • In recent years, many historians have agreed that real wages rose considerably after the Napoleonic Wars
110
Q

Why was there working class discontent 1812-32?

A
  • unsatisfactory poor relief system, living and working conditions
  • harsher system of working for industrial workforce
  • periodic bad harvests
  • enclosure had destroyed many small farmers’ livelihoods
  • industry didn’t progress at a steady pace (wages were unsteady)
111
Q

Examples of working class discontent turning into riots

A
  • Peterloo Massacre
  • Luddism
  • Spafields
112
Q

When was luddism rife?

A

1811-12

113
Q

How did Luddism start?

A

Outbreaks of machine breaking in Nottinghamshire as stocking-frame knitters believed that the wide-frame machine (which produced poorer quality stockings faster and more cheaply) was depriving them of livelihoods

114
Q

Ned Ludd

A

There was a rumour spread that he was the organizer of the machine breaking (luddism)

115
Q

When were the Swing Riots?

A

1820s-30s

116
Q

What were the Swing Riots?

A

Another slump in the economy led to outbreaks of violence among agricultural labourers
- farm machinery smashed
- hay-ricks set ablaze
- threatening letters sent to local landowners and farmers signed by ‘Captain Swing’

117
Q

What happened to protesters in Swing Riots?

A

Hanged, gaoled or transported

118
Q

When was there a revival of radical agitation?

A

1815

119
Q

When did the Methodist movement take off?

A

1790

120
Q

How many people were part of the Methodist movement in 1812?

A

350,000

121
Q

What did Methodism encourage people to do?

A

Find their own will and sense of purpose in life as people could empower themselves and then contribute something good to society

122
Q

Why were Methodists regarded as dangerous/suspicious?

A

They had a strong belief in equality which could be seen as radical tendencies.

123
Q

What were the demands of the protesters (1812-32)?

A
  • payment of MPs
  • universal male suffrage
  • equal electoral districts
  • secret ballot
  • annual elections
  • abolition of property qualifications to stand as MP
124
Q

What individuals were placing pressure on the government for reform?

A
  • Henry Hunt (orator and ‘champion of liberty’)
  • William Cobbett (attacked the ‘old corruption’ in his book)
125
Q

How did the Whigs coming into power affect the pressure for parliamentary reform?

A
  • more open-minded
  • many believed that political innovation was necessary otherwise uncontrollable change may overwhelm existing social order
  • saw perfect solution for moderate reform (Great Reform Act) but Tories rejected it
126
Q

Who formed the BPU?

A

Thomas Attwood

127
Q

What was the BPU?

A

Birmingham Political Union

128
Q

Who formed the NPU?

A

Francis Place

129
Q

What was the NPU?

A

National Political Union

130
Q

How did the NPU, BPU and other pressure groups demand reform?

A
  • petitions
  • mass meetings
  • demonstrations
  • riots (sometimes)
131
Q

When was Young Ireland formed?

A

1844

132
Q

What was Young Ireland?

A

A radical group who aimed to repeal the Act of Union in order to gain independence for Ireland

133
Q

When was the Young Ireland uprising?

A

1848

134
Q

When was Daniel O’Connell arrested?

A

1843

135
Q

How many people attended Daniel O’Connell’s ‘monster’ meetings?

A

100,000

136
Q

How did Britain improve from the Poor Law Amendment Act to 1837 recession?

A
  • good harvests
  • drop in the rates bill
  • numbers in people resorting to poor relief remained steady
  • outdoor relief still available
  • increased employment (job on railways)
137
Q

What happened to the Anti-Poor Law movement?

A

It fizzled out within a short period due to the competition it faced with other protest groups e.g. Chartists

138
Q

When was the Poor Law Amendment Act extended?

A

1942

139
Q

Urban growth stats 1801-51

A

1801 - 10.5 million
1851 - 21 million

140
Q

How much of the population lived in urban areas in 1846?

A

Half

141
Q

Effects of urban growth

A

Put immense strains on existing structures that failed to cope and were major factors in social change

142
Q

Living conditions in towns (1832-46)

A
  • crowded
  • hastily built back-to-back housing
  • caused significant public health problems e.g. cholera and whopping cough
  • short life expectancy
  • wealthy middle class segregated themselves from the rest of society in large houses
143
Q

How many children died before their 5th birthday?

A

Half

144
Q

When was the ‘parliamentary train’ introduced?

A

1844

145
Q

What was the ‘parliamentary train’?

A

A train carriage for third-class passengers that cost no more than a penny a mile.

Introduced with the Railway Act

146
Q

How was the ‘parliamentary train’ important?

A

An important advance to a less elitist society and in improving the lives of workers and the poor.

147
Q

When was the GNCTU set up?

A

1834

148
Q

What does GNCTU stand for?

A

Grand National Consolidated Trades Union

149
Q

Why was the GNCTU set up?

A

After the Combination Acts, there was an upsurge in small trade unions (but they had little influence). So, an idea formed that national unions (each representing a particular trade) would have more resources to demand increase in wages)

150
Q

Who created GNCTU?

A

Robert Owen

151
Q

What were the aims of the GNCTU?

A
  • to work towards Owen’s vision of cooperative commonwealth
  • to fight against recurrent economic crises and unemployment.
152
Q

What were the problems with the GNCTU?

A
  • communication between the branches was poor
  • widely differing opinions on strikes
153
Q

What happened to the GNCTU?

A

It collapsed within a few months as a deep trade recession set in (1837) meaning that workers could not afford even the cheapest subscriptions and so a lot of trade union members turned to Chartism.

154
Q

How many members did the GNCTU have?

A

Over half a million within a few weeks (each paid 1 shilling)

155
Q

When were the Tolpuddle Martyrs?

A

1834

156
Q

Who were the Tolpuddle Martyrs?

A

A group of agricultural workers from Tolpuddle in Dorset who had set up a branch of the Friendly Society of Agricultural Workers.

157
Q

What happened to the Tolpuddle Martyrs?

A

They were convicted on the grounds that they had taken a secret oath. Six of them were prosecuted and transported to Australia for 7 years.

However, Lovett organised a well-coordinated campaign, which led to them being pardoned and allowed to return to Britain.

158
Q

How did the Cooperative Movement come about?

A

From Owen’s ideas and the values of skilled tradesmen who believed if they applied thrift and elf help (popular at the time) to their daily lives, they could continue to enjoy a decent standard of living even during economic downturns.

159
Q

When was the Cooperative store set up?

A

1844

160
Q

Who set up the Cooperative store?

A

Rochdale weavers (who set up the The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers) who each contributed £1

161
Q

How many Cooperative stores were there by 1850?

A

Over 100

162
Q

What did the Cooperative stores do?

A

Bought goods at wholesale and sold for profit - food was reliable quality and reasonably priced.

163
Q

What was the purpose of Friendly Societies?

A

To provide basic welfare benefits when required (e.g. if the main earner, the husband, died there would be protection so the wife and child did not enter the workhouses

164
Q

When did Chartism start?

A

1838

165
Q

Who were the Chartists?

A

A pressure group that supporter working class activity and agitated for political reform that would extend the franchise to working men so their grievances could be heard.

166
Q

What were the causes of Chartism?

A
  • economic downturns & poor harvests
  • government reforms failed to improve working class lives
  • 1832 reform act still excluded W/C
  • resentment towards new poor law
  • factory act had increase hours for adults
167
Q

What were the 6 points of the People’s Charter?

A
  1. A vote for every man over 21
  2. Secret ballot
  3. No property qualifications to become an MP
  4. Payment of MPs
  5. Equal electoral districts
  6. Annual parliament
168
Q

What were the issues with Chartism?

A
  • variety of different groups/aims - made a single strong leadership impossible
  • there were differences on how the charter was meant to be achieved
169
Q

When was the first Charist petition?

A

1839

170
Q

First Chartist petition

A
  • over 1 million signatures
  • led to Newport Rising
  • failed (rejected by Whigs AND Tories)
171
Q

Newport Rising

A
  • due to appalling working conditions in the coal mines and iron foundries & failure of 1st Chartist petition
  • ‘armed Chartists’ beaten down by 30 armed soldiers
  • 24 Chartists killed
  • Lovett imprisoned
172
Q

Why did support for Chartists lessen?

A

There was a slight economic recovery and decrease in unemployment between 1842-46.

173
Q

Second Chartist petition

A
  • Supposedly signed by 3 million people (all joke names - including Queen Victoria)
  • ridiculed in parliament and dismissed
  • led to Plug Plot
174
Q

When was the second Chartist petition?

A

1842

175
Q

Plug Plot

A
  • Chartists removed all of the boiler plugs from the steam engines which prevented factories from operating
  • dealt with quickly
176
Q

Who were the 2 key figures of the Chartist movement?

A

Francis Place and William Lovett

177
Q
A
178
Q

When was Grey PM?

A

1832-34

179
Q

What reforms did Grey introduce?

A
  • the Great Reform Act (1832)
  • Abolition of Slavery (1833)
  • Factory Act (1833)
  • Poor Law Amendment Act (1834)
180
Q

What were the major difficulties that Grey faced as PM?

A
  • disagree the between Whigs and Radicals (as Whigs believed that political reform had been settled in 1832)
  • problems within Ireland (wanted repeal of the Act Of Union)
181
Q

Coercion Act

A

1833

Gave wide powers to the authorities in Ireland e.g. curfews and suppression of disturbances

Introduced in order to overcome to the rural unrest in Ireland.

182
Q

When was Melbourne PM?

A

1834

183
Q

What was the Lichfield House Compact?

A

A pact formed between Lord Russell and Daniel O’Connell where Irish support was promised for the Whigs in parliament and in return a Whig commitment to carry through Irish reforms.

184
Q

When was Peel PM?

A

1841-46

185
Q

What economic reforms did Peel introduce?

A
  • income tax
  • cut tariffs
  • lowered the corn law sliding scale
  • duties on raw materials (e.g. cotton) abolished
  • Bank Charter Act
186
Q

When was the Bank Charter Act?

A

1844

187
Q

What was the Bank Charter Act?

A

Bank of England was able issue notes with a face value in place of cash (but notes worth over £14 million has to be supported by gold reserves) and there was to be weekly publications of accounts.

188
Q

Why was the Bank Charter Act introduced?

A
  • to curb the over-issue of bank notes as this only continued financial instability
  • to meet the requirements of a growing industry
189
Q

Impacts of the Bank Charter Act

A
  • Eventually, Bank of England notes became normal currency
  • injected a degree of confidence in the economy
190
Q

When was the Joint Stock Companies Act introduced?

A

1844

191
Q

What was the Joint Stock Companies Act?

A
  • made it obligatory for a company with 25+ members to declare themselves
  • introduced measures to regulate company finance
  • registrar appointed
192
Q

Who was exempt from the Joint Stock Companies Act?

A

The railway industry

193
Q

What were Peel’s main focuses as PM?

A
  • to stabilise government finances
  • to stimulate trade and industry
  • sort out cost of living, unemployment and ultimately discontent and distress by sorting out the economy
194
Q

What was the Maynooth Grant?

A

Money given to Maynooth, the Catholic college wheee priests receive training, as Peel be,is ex if would gain loyalty from the Catholic Church and peasantry (who were under the Church’s influence)

195
Q

Impact of Maynooth Grant

A

Divided the Tories as it was opposed by Anglican’s and nonconformists

196
Q

When was the GNCTU formed?

A

1834

197
Q

What does GNCTU stand for?

A

Grand National Consolidated Trades Union

198
Q

How many members did the GNCTU have?

A

Over half a million within a few weeks (each payed 1 shilling)

199
Q

Why did the GNCTU form?

A

Idea = national unions (each representing a different trade) would have more resources to be able to demand

200
Q

Who created the GNCTU?

A

Robert Owen

201
Q

What was the aim of the GNCTU?

A

To fight against recurrent economic crises and unemployment

202
Q

What were the problems within the GNCTU?

A
  • poor communication
  • widely differing opinions on strikes
203
Q

When were the Tolpuddle Martyrs?

A

1834

204
Q

Who were the Tolpuddle Martyrs?

A

A group of agricultural workers from Tolpuddle in Dorset who set up a branch of the Friendly Society of Agricultural Workers and were convicted on the grounds that they had taken a secret oath.

6 of them were transported to Australia for 7yrs.

205
Q

What did the Tolpuddle Martyrs lead to?

A

A well coordinated campaign by Lovett, which led to them being pardoned and allowed to return

206
Q

Who set up the Cooperative Movement?

A

Rochdale Pioneers (weavers)

207
Q

When was the first Cooperative store set up?

A

1844

208
Q

How many Cooperative stores were there by 1850?

A

100

209
Q

What did the Rochdale Pioneers believe?

A

That if they applied thrift and self help to their daily lives then they could continue to enjoy decent standard of living even during economic downturns.

210
Q

What was the purpose of Friendly Societies?

A

To provide basic welfare benefits when required e.g. if the husband (main earner) died, there would be protection so the wife and children did not have to enter the workhouse

211
Q

What was the membership like for Friendly Societies in 1846?

A

1.5 million

212
Q

1801-51 urban population growth

A

1801 - 10.5 million
1851 - 21 million

213
Q

How much of the population lived in urban areas by 1846?

A

Almost half

214
Q

What were the living conditions within towns?

A
  • crowded
  • hastily built and back-to-back houses
  • significant health problems caused by poor living conditions
  • short life expectancy
215
Q

How many children died before their 5th birthday?

A

Half of the children within the population

216
Q

When was the Parliamentary train introduced?

A

1944

217
Q

What was the Parliamentary train?

A

A carriage for 3rd class passengers that run at least once a day and the fare could not be more than 1 penny per mile.

It was obligatory for every railway company (Railway Act)

Industrialisation of Britain and the People (3 decks)

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