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Geography > year 9 end of years > Flashcards

year 9 end of years Flashcards

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1
Q

can earthquakes happen in all plate boundaries?

A

yes

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2
Q

what are the four main plate boundaries?

A

constructive, destructive, collision and conservative

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3
Q

How is friction an important factor in the build up to an earthquake?

A

Because the two plates catch on each other which causes the friction. This friction builds up until the rocks can no longer handle it then they jolt and move forward. This jolt is the earthquake and it releases energy through seismic waves

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4
Q

what are seismic waves?

A

vibrations generated by an earthquake

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5
Q

what is the focus of an earthquake?

A

the point where the ground moves, which can be at different depths within the plate

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6
Q

what is the epicentre of an earthquake?

A

the point on the surface of the land above the focus

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7
Q

what is a landscape?

A

any physical feature of the earths surface which has characteristics, recognisable shape and is produced by natural causes

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8
Q

what is a primary effect?

A

something that is directly caused by the disaster

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9
Q

what are examples of primary effects of earthquakes?

A

ground shaking, surface displacement, building and infrastructure damage, landslides

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10
Q

what are examples of secondary effects of an earthquake?

A

fires, human casualties, impact on economy, tsunami, aftershocks

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11
Q

what are four factors that change how strongly the ground shakes during an earthquake?

A

the strength of the earthquake itself, how deep the focus is, how far the location is from the epicentre and what the ground is made from

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12
Q

how does the type of rock change the effects of an earthquake?

A

softer rocks shake more easily and become fluid, but stronger rocks will withstand more stress before fracturing

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13
Q

what is liquefaction?

A

when rocks shake so violently that they turn into a liquid state, shockwaves cause deeper groundwater to rise to the surface and particles to shake together to become a fluid

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14
Q

what factors led to the Haiti earthquake being so deadly?

A

buildings were not built strong enough (densely populated - domino affect with houses collapsing on each other), city was close to fault line, lack of knowledge + preperation, emergency services problems, lack of warning systems

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15
Q

in a destructive plate boundary, are the two plates the same?

A

no, one of the plates is a continental plate and the other is an oceanic

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16
Q

in a constructive plate boundary, are the two plates the same?

A

yes, they are both continental plates

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17
Q

in a conservative plate boundary, are the two plates the same?

A

yes, they are both continental plates

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18
Q

in a collision plate boundary, are the two plates the same?

A

yes, they are both continental plates

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19
Q

what is a hot spot?

A

a large plume of hot mantle material rising from deep within the earth (a place where the magma rises up through the crust)

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20
Q

what are the four elements of a landscape?

A

natural/physical, biological, human and variables

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21
Q

what are examples of natural/physical features?

A

mountains, coastlines, valleys + plains, rivers + lakes

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22
Q

what are examples of biological features?

A

vegetation and other ecological areas and habitats

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23
Q

what are examples of human features?

A

buildings, man-made structures, infrastructure, fences + pylons

24
Q

what are examples of variables features of a landscape?

A

weather, cloudscapes, smells+ sounds, temporary elements (storm, snow, mist)

25
Q

what are examples of glaciated upland areas in the UK?

A

Northwest Highlands, Lake District, Snowdonia

26
Q

what are uses of glaciated areas?

A

pastoral farming, water management, forestry, tourism

27
Q

how is pastoral farming used in glaciated areas?

A

The upper slopes of the Lake District are ideal for sheep farming. The lower slopes of glaciated areas are suitable for dairy and beef farming.

28
Q

how is water management used in glaciated areas?

A

the water in mountainous areas can be collected and stored in a dam. This water can be used to generate
hydroelectric power

29
Q

how is forestry used in glaciated areas?

A

forests in glaciated areas are logged to provide materials. this can provide employment and adds to the economy

30
Q

how is tourism used in glaciated areas?

A

this is a major source of income in Wales, Scotland and the Lake District. people come to look at the scenery

31
Q

what is cause of earthquakes?

A

sudden movement along faults within the Earth

32
Q

which direction will the waves predominantly come from?

A

south west

33
Q

what are the different geomorphic processes that occur in the UK?

A

erosion + weathering, deposition and transportation

34
Q

what is freeze thaw weathering?

A

when water enters a crack in a rock. the water freezes and expands, widening the crack. the ice melts and water goes deeper into crack. process repeats until rock splits

35
Q

what is biological weathering?

A

Plant roots can get into small cracks in the rock. As the roots grow, the cracks become larger. This causes small pieces of rock to break away.

36
Q

what is chemical weathering?

A

Rainwater and seawater can be a weak acid. If a coastline is made up of rocks such as limestone or chalk, over time they can become dissolved by the acid in the water.

37
Q

what is hydraulic action?

A

the power of the waves as they smash against the cliff. Air becomes trapped in the cracks in the rock and causes the rock to break apart.

38
Q

what is abrasion?

A

when pebbles grind along a rock platform. Over time the rock becomes smooth.

39
Q

what is attrition?

A

when rocks that the sea is carrying knock against each other. They break apart to become smaller and more rounded.

40
Q

what is solution?

A

when sea water dissolves certain types of rocks. In the UK, chalk and limestone cliffs are prone to this type of erosion.

41
Q

what is deposition?

A

when the sea loses energy, it drops the material it has been carrying.

42
Q

what is suspension?

A

small particles such as silts and clays are suspended in the flow of the water

43
Q

what is saltation?

A

where small pieces of shingle or large sand grains are bounced along the sea bed

44
Q

what is traction?

A

where pebbles and larger material are rolled along the sea bed

45
Q

what is the order of the formation of the coastal landforms?

A

crack/weakness, cave, arch, stack and stump

46
Q

how is a cave formed?

A

the sea attacks the cracks, joints and bedding planes of the cliff with erosion, weathering, abrasion and hydraulic action

47
Q

how is an arch formed?

A

the sea keeps on attacking the cave until it is eroded on both sides of the cliff until you can get all the way through it - an arch

48
Q

how is a stack formed?

A

the top of the arch, also known as the ‘roof’ gets very weak and collapses, leaving just a column behind - called a stack

49
Q

how is a stump formed?

A

the waves, with lots of wave energy, cuts off the top of the stack then leaves a stump of rock that finishes at the tide line. this is also because of weathering and erosion

50
Q

how is a beach formed?

A

sand or rocks have to be ‘collected’ to then break down whilst it is being transported in the sea. that sand is then deposited along a coastline and over a long time, it builds up in a slope to create the beach

51
Q

what are the hazards in a constructive boundary?

A

earthquakes, volcanoes can be made

52
Q

what is the hazard in a collision zone?

A

earthquakes

53
Q

what is the hazard in conservative boundary?

A

powerful earthquakes

54
Q

what is subduction?

A

where the oceanic plate is forced underneath the continental plate

55
Q

what plate margin does subduction occur in?

A

destructive plate boundary

56
Q

is it true that the temperature drops 1 degrees every 100m of altitude?

A

yes it is true

57
Q

is it true that lowland areas lay below 200m above sea level?

A

yes

Geography (3 decks)

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