Dynamic Development Flashcards
What’s the definition of employment structure?
The percentage of people employed in primary, secondary or tertiary industry
What’s the definition of urban population?
The percentage of people who live in towns or cities
What’s the definition of access to clean water?
The percentage of the population who have access to clean water
What’s the definition of life expectancy?
The number of years a person is expected to live
What’s the definition of rural population?
The percentage of people who live in the countryside in villages
What’s the definition of birth rate?
The number of births per thousand people per year
What’s the definition of infant mortality rates?
The number of children who die before their first birthday per thousand of the population
What’s the definition of death rates?
The number of deaths per thousand people per year
What’s the definition of natural population growth?
The difference between the birth and death rate of a country
What’s the definition of adult literacy rates?
The percentage of people who can read and write within a country
What’s the definition of GNP?
Gross National Product is the total a country earns through selling it’s products and services
What is social development?
(Rising life expectancy, better healthcare and access to education; improved equality for women and minorities) - leading to improved quality of life
What is economic development?
(An increase in the number of people working in the secondary and tertiary employment sectors) - leading to rising incomes
What is political development?
(Improving political freedom and the right to vote; a free press and freedom of speech) - leading to greater control over who governs you
What is the Brandt Line?
A method of locating ACs and LIDCs as it is a line on the world map which splits up the Rich North and the Poor South
What are advantages of the Brandt Line?
- simplifies data so is easy to understand
- GDP is used which is easy to access the data source from governments, IMF and the UN
- helps show where the LIDCs are as 26 out of the 30 poorest countries are in Africa
What are the disadvantages of the Brandt Line?
- only uses GDP and not other factors
- out of date
- some parts of a country could be richer and more developed than the rest of the country
- generalises some countries above or below the line
What does HDI stand for?
Human Development Index
What does GNI stand for?
Gross National Income
What does GDP stand for?
Gross Domestic Product
What is the definition of debt?
When something, usually money, is owed by one party to a second party
What is absolute poverty?
The condition where household income is insufficient to afford the basic necessities of life
What is relative poverty?
People who lack the minimum amount of income needed in order to maintain the average standard of living in the society in which they live
Where is Ethiopia located?
In the horn of Africa and in Eastern Africa
What is the population of Ethiopia?
94 million
True or false?
Ethiopia is the least populous landlocked country in the world.
False, Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world.
How close to the Equator is Ethiopia?
Ethiopia is 3 and 15 degrees north of the equator
What are 6 of the main influences on Ethiopia’s development?
drought, corrupt government, famine, climate, landscape and civil war
How do droughts influence Ethiopia’s development?
droughts are a constant threat, particularly in the Eastern Lowlands
What is the average amount of rainfall in Ethiopia’s Eastern Lowlands?
below 300mm
How did having a corrupt government influence Ethiopia’s development?
In 1974, the Communist Derg government ruled Ethiopia and ruled by fear. They grabbed tracts of land from people leading to refugees and economic decline.
How did famine influence Ethiopia’s development?
Between 1984-5, Ethiopia suffered severe famine which killed 1 million people in just one year. The country became heavily reliant on food aid from international charities.
How does climate influence Ethiopia’s development?
Ethiopia has unreliable rainfall and climate change is altering the monsoon and dry seasons. This is affecting how much coffee and cotton can be grown.
How does landscape influence Ethiopia’s development?
Ethiopia’s landscape is a mixture on mountain highlands (in the West) and dry lowlands (in the East). The lowlands suffer mosquitoes and malaria.
How did civil war influence Ethiopia’s development?
Ethiopia has suffered significant political unrest including coups and civil wars which have killed millions of people.
What are the 5 stages of Rostow’s model?
- traditional society
- preconditions for take off
- take off
- drive to maturity
- age of high mass consumption
What is the traditional society stage of rostow’s model?
when most people are still in primary sector work, the society is very religious and have a very strong military
What is the preconditions of take off stage of rostow’s model?
society is run by a monarch, started to build banks and trading roots in order to build income for country and has a technological advance from stage 1
Which stage(s) of Rostow’s model are most affected by location and weather
stage 1 and 2
What is the take off stage of rostow’s model?
when there is an increase of secondary workforce and demand for goods
What is the drive to maturity stage of rostow’s model?
industrialisation and population growth
What is the age of high mass consumption stage of rostow’s model?
society with predominant tertiary workers and there are high demands for things that used to be luxuries
What are the advantages of Rostow’s Model?
- simple to understand
- a very respected model that most scientists believe in
- almost all countries have followed this model of development
What are the disadvantages of Rostow’s Model?
- it assumes that all countries develop in the same way and experience the same economic growth
- only considers the country as a whole
- doesn’t show future predictions for already developed countries
How many countries came together to make the MDGs?
191 countries
What is an advantage of the MDGs?
they were easy to understand
What is a disadvantage of the MDGs?
Rich countries had to help the poor countries and got barely any help themselves
How long were the MDGs in place?
15 years (from 2000-2015)
How many countries came together to make the SDGs?
193 countries
How many targets were there in the MDGs?
8 targets
How many goals and targets are there in the SDGs?
17 goals and 169 targets
How long are the SDGs in place?
15 years (from 2015-2030)
What is an advantage of the SDGs?
Having a lot more specific targets allows countries to complete them easier and has more detail instead of being very broad
What is a disadvantage of the SDGs?
Some countries may just chose the easier targets that require minimal national adaption
When was the military coup in Ethiopia and who funded it?
1974, Russia and Cuba funded this
How many people dies in Ethiopia’s civil war
1.4 million people
When was the Red Terror?
1977-78
How many people were killed and forcibly relocated in the Red Terror?
50,000 people were killed, 1.5 people were forcibly relocated
When was the big famine in Ethiopia?
1984-85
How many people were killed in Ethiopia’s famine?
over 1 million in a year
How much food aid did Ethiopia receive for their 1984-85 famine?
$2 billion
Has Ethiopia ever recovered since it’s 1984-85 famine?
No, Ethiopia has remained food deficient since
From 199, who was in charge of Ethiopia and what did they allow?
The Federal Democratic Republic were in charge and they allowed free trade
What has been rising gradually in Ethiopia since 2001?
Agricultural production and the economy
What is the Ethiopia’s new Growth and Transformation Plan?
a plan to end poverty
What has Ethiopia’s new Growth and Transformation Plan done to help?
since 2012, new training programmes and investments have enables farmers to learn new skills
what does TNC stand for?
transnational company
what is a TNC?
a global company that has factories an offices in different countries arounds the world
what are some advantages of TNCs?
- provides lots of jobs
- adds to the country’s economy
- brings international trade / skilled labours - globalisation
- TNCs could invest on infrastructure
what are some disadvantages of TNCs?
- the money made eventually just goes back to the headquarters in the AC
- bad working environment / pay - exploitation
- TNCs can pull out at any time
- forces small businesses to close
how many young people start looking for a job every year in Ethiopia?
1.4 million
how many jobs did H&M provide in Ethiopia?
4,000 jobs
how much did H&M invest into the development of the textile industry?
$15 million
what is emergency aid?
when money, food, goods and services are given at times of dire need
what is multilateral aid?
aid that is given by a number of countries and organisations
what is tied aid?
foreign aid that must be used in the donor country to buy goods and services from the country giving the aid
what is voluntary aid?
money collected from the public by non-governmental organisations
what is bilateral aid?
aid from one country to another
what is sustainable development?
development that meets the needs of the people today without harming the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
what is an non-governmental organisation?
an independent charitable organisation
what is short term aid?
aid that provides support for a short time, normally when there is immediate need
what is long term aid?
aid that provides support over a long period of time to make changes last
what is top-down development?
development projects that are imposed from people ‘above’ e.g. government
what is bottom-up development?
development projects that start and work from the ‘grass-roots’ level e.g. community
what are bottom-up strategies also called?
self-help schemes
how do self-help schemes involve the communities?
by providing education and jobs
what are some examples of self-help schemes?
building schools and digging wells
is it true that self-help schemes are broad and non-specific?
no, self-help schemes are very targeted an specific
what is one disadvantage of a bottom-up strategy?
the whole country is not benefiting, only a small part, meaning some communities get left behind in development
how are top-down strategies run and funded and why?
they are run and funded by the government because they are large national scale projects
what are some examples of top-down strategies?
investing more into healthcare or education, providing more jobs or improving infrastructure of the country
what are some disadvantages of top-down strategies?
- it might not target the most needed issues
- communities are not involved
- costs are very large which is a problem for LIDCs who are already in debt
what is farm africa?
a UK-based charity that works with communities and farmers in africa
what are farm africa’s main aims?
- to increase food production
- to promote womens’ economic empowerment
how does farm africa accomplish its’ aims?
- by using techniques that boost harvests, build rural incomes
- they work with communities
- use staff from local area that can speak that language and understand the local context
what does Ethiopia’s growth and transformation plan aim to do?
- develop industry
- expand services
- boost the economy
how much money has been spent to convert rural mud roads to asphalt roads in Ethiopia and why?
around $3.6 billion to reduce travel time and make it easier for people and industry
how much will it cost to build the grand renaissance dam in Ethiopia?
around $5 billion
what are some disadvantages of the growth and transformation plan in ethiopia?
- it will cost over $70 billion
- already in debt so will struggle to fund project
- government only focused on economy and not peoples’ quality of life?
what are some advantages of the growth and transformation plan in ethiopia?
- would massively aid development
- improves communication and road networks
