Year 8 science eoyr Flashcards
1
Q
Biology- What are drugs, and name the four different types of drugs?
A
Drugs are chemical substances which affects how the body works. The four different types are stimulants, hallucinogens, depressants and painkillers.
2
Q
Biology-What are recreational and medicinal drugs?
A
Medicinal drugs are substances given to treat people with sicknesses ; a recreational drug is a chemical substance taken for enjoyment.
3
Q
Biology- What are the consequences of a drug addiction?
A
Your body gets used to the changes that the drugs have caused and your body becomes dependent on them.
4
Q
Biology-‘The chemicals in tobacco affect the…’ and what disease is this called?
A
‘The chemicals in tobacco affect the alveoli in your lungs’. The disease is called Emphysema.
5
Q
Biology-What are the causes of nicotine?
A
Nicotine can cause the heart to beat faster. It also contains chemicals that cause cancer.
6
Q
Biology-What does a balanced diet mean?
A
A balanced diet means eating food containing the right nutrients in the correct amounts!
7
Q
Biology-What is a carbohydrate and furthermore, what is a complex carbohydrate?
A
A carb is simple carb which are found in foods such as sugar and fruit, provide a quick source of energy and complex carbs which are found in foods such as pasta and bread ; they have to be broken down by the body meaning the energy is released more slowly.
8
Q
Biology-list three facts about lipids:
A
- provide a store of energy
- keep you warm by providing a layer of insulation under your skin
- protect organs such as your kidneys and heart damage
9
Q
Biology-What do proteins repair? And give examples on how they make new cells for growth.
A
Proteins are needed to repair body tissues and to make cells for growth. Examples are your muscles, organs and the immune system.
10
Q
Biology- What is gas exchange?
A
Gas exchange is the process of taking in
oxygen and giving out carbon dioxide
11
Q
Biology- Where does gas exchange occur?
A
This occurs in the respiratory system
12
Q
Biology- What does the liver produce?
A
The liver produces bile which helps with digestion
13
Q
Biology- What are enzymes and what do they do?
A
Enzymes are biological catalysts, they speed up the digestion of nutrients.- each enzyme is specific to each nutrients.
14
Q
Biology- What is the enzyme for protein and what does it break down into?
A
proteases break proteins down into amino acids!
15
Q
Biology- What is the enzyme for carbohydrates and what does it break down into?
A
car
16
Q
Biology- What is respiration?
A
Respiration is the process in which energy is released from the molecules of food which you eat
17
Q
Biology- Where does respiration happen?
A
Respiration happens in the mitochondria of the cell
18
Q
Biology- What does aerobic respiration do?
A
Aerobic respiration involves oxygen, it is more efficient as all of the food is broken down to release energy
19
Q
Biology- What is the word equation for respiration?
A
The word equation for aerobic respiration is: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy released
20
Q
Biology- What is anaerobic respiration?
A
Anaerobic respiration is a type of respiration which does not use oxygen, it is used when the body cannot supply the
cells with enough oxygen for aerobic respiration
• Anaerobic respiration releases less energy than aerobic respiration
21
Q
Biology- What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?
A
glucose ➞ lactic acid + carbon dioxide
22
Q
Biology- What is oxygen debt?
A
Lactic acid will build up if there is not enough oxygen present in the blood supply to break it down. This is known as an oxygen debt
23
Q
Biology- What is fermentation?
A
Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration which occurs in yeast
• Instead of producing lactic acid, yeast produces ethanol, which is a type of alcohol
24
Q
Biology- What is the word equation for fermentation?
A
glucose ➞ ethanol + carbon dioxide
25
Biology- What is photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process which occurs
in the chloroplasts to produce glucose using
sunlight
Any organism that can use photosynthesis to
produce its own food is known as a producer,
these are not just limited to plants but can
include other organisms such as algae
26
Biology- What is the word equation for photosynthesis
glucose + carbon dioxide ➞ glucose + oxygen
27
Biology-The rate of photosynthesis can be affected by:
The rate of photosynthesis can be affected by:
• Light intensity – the higher the light intensity the higher the rate of photosynthesis up to a point
• Carbon dioxide concentration – the higher the carbon dioxide concentration the higher the
rate of photosynthesis up to a point
• Temperature – the optimum temperature is the temperature at which photosynthesis
occurs at the highest rate, before and after this the rate will be less
28
chemistry- what is an element?
• An element is a substance that only contains one type of atom, it is found on the Periodic Table
29
chemistry- What is an atom?
• An atom is the smallest part of which an element can be broken down into
30
chemistry- What are compounds?
Compounds are formed when two or more different
| elements chemically bond together
31
chemistry- what are polymers?
Polymers are long chains of groups of atoms which are
| repeated many times
32
chemistry- What are natural and synthetic polymers?
Natural polymers are not man-made and include wool,
cotton, starch and rubber
• Synthetic polymers are man-made and include polythene,
polystyrene and nylon
33
chemistry- What are group 1 metals also known as?
Group 1 elements are also known as the alkali metals
34
chemistry- They share similar properties with other metals such as:
They share similar properties with other metals such as:
• Being shiny when freshly cut
• Being good conductors of electricity and heat
35
chemistry- What is a trend?
• The further down the group that the metal is, the more
vigorous the reaction will be. This is called a trend
• Another trend seen in Group 1 is with the boiling and
melting points: the further down the group, the lower the
boiling and melting points are
36
chemistry- what is a difference between group 1 metals and other metals?
Group 1 metals are much softer than other metals and
| also have much lower melting and boiling points
37
chemistry- Group 1 elements react with water to form alkali solutions, give examples.
Group 1 elements react with water to form alkali solutions
lithium + water ➞ lithium hydroxide + hydrogen
metal + water ➞ metal hydroxide + hydrogen
38
chemistry- What are group 7 also known as?
Group 7 elements are also known as the halogens
39
chemistry- They share similar properties with other non metals such as:
They share similar properties with other non metals such as:
• Having low melting and boiling points
• Not conducting electricity
• Moving down the groups the elements have an increased melting and boiling point
40
chemistry- The halogens also react in a similar way to one another, for example with iron:
iron + chlorine ➞ iron chloride
| iron + bromine ➞ iron bromide
41
chemistry- What is a displacement reaction?
Halogens can undergo displacement reactions, this is where a more reactive halogen
will take the place of a less reactive halogen
42
chemistry- The most reactive halogens are at the and
| the least reactive halogens are at the?
The most reactive halogens are at the top of the group, and the least reactive halogens are
at the bottom of the group
43
physics- Sound waves cause particles to? this produces areas of and ?
```
Sound waves cause particles to vibrate
backwards and forwards in the direction
of the wave, this produces areas of high
pressure (compression) and low pressure
(rarefaction)
```
44
physics- What is a transverse wave?
• Transverse waves vibrate at 90o to the direction at which they are travelling, they move up and down
as well as forward
45
physics- What are Longitudinal waves?
Longitudinal waves vibrate in the direction in which they are travelling
46
physics- What is superposing?
When waves are put together they superpose, this means
| they will either add together or cancel each other out
47
physics- What happens when the waves are in line with one another?
When the waves are in line with one another they add
| together, increasing the amplitude of the wave
48
physics- What happens when the waves are not in line with one another?
When the waves are not in line, they will cancel each other
| out, decreasing the amplitude of the wave
49
physics- Humans can hear sounds
| with a frequency between....?
Humans can hear sounds
with a frequency between
20–20000Hz.
50
physics- What is an ultrasound?
ultrasound is any sound with
a frequency of higher than
20000Hz
51
physics-As ultrasound has a high
frequency it causes the
particles it interacts with to...?
And what can it be used for?
```
As ultrasound has a high
frequency it causes the
particles it interacts with to
vibrate more quickly, this
means that it can be used in:
• Ultrasonic cleaning – dirt
particles are ‘shaken’ off
of objects
• Physiotherapy – the
ultrasound waves causes
liquid particles in the body
to move more quickly and
hence get warmer
```
52
physics- What are Radio waves used for?
TV signals
53
physics- What are Microwaves used for?
mobile phones
54
physics- What is infrared used for?
Heating and cooking
55
physics- What is visible light used for?
Photography
56
physics- what are ultraviolet waves used for?
Detecting forgeries,sunbeds
57
physics- what are x rays used for ?
Imaging broken bones
58
physics- What are Gamma rays used for?
Killing cancer cells
59
physics- what is ionisation?
High energy waves can lead to ionisation, where
| electrons are knocked off of atoms in cells
60
physics- What are the ionising waves in the electromagnetic spectrum?
The ionising waves in the electromagnetic spectrum are gamma, X-rays and ultraviolet rays
61
physics- What is work done?
In physics, work done is the energy transferred when a force is used to move an object a certain distance
62
physics- What is work measured in?
Like energy, work is measured in Joules (J)
63
physics- What are the situations work can be done in?
• Work can be done in a a range of situations e.g. lifting a book work is done against gravity, when you slide a book
along a table work is done against friction
64
physics- What is the word equation for work?
We calculate work with the equation:
work done (J) = force (N) × distance moved (m)
65
physics- What does a simple machine do?
A simple machine makes it easier to lift things, they reduce the force needed
66
physics- What does a force multiplier do?
A force multiplier uses a smaller input force (what you apply) to to generate a larger output force (what is created)
67
physics- What happens when you increase the distance from the pivot?
If you increase the distance from the pivot, less input force is needed to be used for the same output force as before
68
physics- The thermal energy of a substance depends on the....
The thermal energy of a substance depends on the individual energy of all of the
particles, it is measures in Joules (J)
69
physics- The faster the particles are moving, the more...
The faster the particles are moving, the more thermal energy they will have
70
physics-The energy needed to increase the temperature of a substance depends on:
The energy needed to increase the temperature of a substance depends on:
• the mass of the substance
• what the substance is made of
• how much you want to increase the temperature by
71
physics- What is radiation?
• Radiation is a method of transferring energy without the need for particles
72
physics- What is an example of radiation? And what is this called?
An example of radiation is thermal energy being transferred from the Sun to us through space
(where there are no particles) • This type of radiation is known as infrared radiation, it is a type of wave just like light
73
physics- The hotter an object is the more...
The hotter an object is the more infrared radiation it will emit (give out)
74
physics- • The amount of radiation emitted and
absorbed depends on the surface of the
object: give examples.
```
• The amount of radiation emitted and
absorbed depends on the surface of the
object:
• Darker matte surfaces absorb and
emit more infrared radiation
• Shiny and smooth surfaces absorb
and emit less infrared radiation,
instead reflecting this
• The amount of infrared radiation
being emitted can be viewed on
a thermal imaging camera
```
75
physics- What is conduction?
Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy by the vibration of particles, it cannot happen without particles
76
physics- when does conduction happen
Conduction happens effectively in solids as their particles are close together and can collide often as they vibrate around a fixed point
77
physics- Are metals good thermal conductors and if so, why?
Metals are also good thermal conductors as they contain electrons
which are free to move
78
physics- Why are gases and liquids poor conductors
Gases and liquids are poor conductors as their particles are spread
out and so do not collide often, we call these insulators
79
physics- What is convection?
Convection is the transfer of thermal energy in a
| liquid or a gas, it cannot happen without particles
80
physics- A magnet has 2 poles what are they? and what do you attract and repel?
```
A magnet has two poles, a north and a south pole
• North poles attract south poles
• South poles attract north poles
• South poles repel south poles
• North poles repel north poles
```
81
physics- What is a magnetic field?
A magnetic field is an area where a magnetic material will experience a force
82
physics- The closer together the magnetic field lines are, the...
• The closer together the magnetic field lines are,
| the stronger the magnetic field will be
83
physics- We can find out the shape of a
| magnetic field in two ways:
We can find out the shape of a
magnetic field in two ways:
• Using plotting compasses
• Using iron filings
84
physics- How are electromagnetics made?
Electromagnets are made by wrapping a coil of wire around a magnetic core
85
physics- Do electromagnetics always work?
Electromagnets only work when electricity is flowing through the coil, which means that
they can be turned on and off
86
physics- You can increase the strength of an electromagnet by:
* You can increase the strength of an electromagnet by:
* Increasing the number of turns on the coil around the core of the electromagnet
* Increasing the current which is flowing through the coil of wire
* Using a more magnetic material for the core, e.g. iron rather than aluminium
87
physics- What do circuit breakers detect?
Circuit breakers detect large changes in current in a house, and will break
a circuit
88
physics- What happens to the electromagnet when a large current flows.?
• When a large current flows, the electromagnet becomes strong enough to
attract an iron catch which will break a circuit
89
physics- What is friction ?
Friction is a force which will slow down a moving object due to two surfaces rubbing on one another
90
physics- When an object is moving through a fluid, either
liquid or gas, the force which slows it down is
known as...?
When an object is moving through a fluid, either
liquid or gas, the force which slows it down is
known as drag
91
physics- Both drag and friction are...
Both drag and friction are contact forces
92
physics- What are drag and friction measured in?
newtons (N)
93
physics- What is moment?
A moment is the turning effect of a force, it is measured in Newton meters
94
physics- We can calculate a moment with the equation:
We can calculate a moment with the equation:
moment (Nm) = force (N) × distance from the pivot (m)
95
physics- What is the as equilibrium
```
When an object, such as a seesaw,
is balanced, the clockwise and
the anticlockwise moments will
be equal and opposite, which is
known as equilibrium
```
96
physics- What is extension?
Some objects, like springs, can be stretched, the amount that they stretch
is known as their extension
97
physics- How can we apply force to a spring for it to be stretched?
A force needs to be applied to the spring for it to be stretched, we can
achieve this by adding masses which exert the force weight
98
physics- What is elastic limit?
A spring will continue to stretch until it passes it’s elastic limit
99
physics-If an object obeys Hooke’s law it will have a ..... : if the
force applied to the spring is doubled, the extension will....
If an object obeys Hooke’s law it will have a linear relationship: if the
force applied to the spring is doubled, the extension will double too
100
physics- How is gas pressure caused?
• Gas pressure is caused by the particles of a gas colliding with the
wall of the container which they are in
101
physics- • Gas pressure can be increased by:
• Gas pressure can be increased by:
• Heating the gas so the particles move more quickly and collide
with the container with a higher energy
• Compressing the gas so there are the same amount of particles
within a smaller volume meaning that there are more collisions
• Increasing the amount of particles within the same volume so
there are more collisions
102
physics- What is Atmospheric pressure
Atmospheric pressure is the pressure which the air exerts on you
all of the time, nearer the ground there are more particles weighing
down on you so the pressure is greater
103
physics- The pressure which is
exerted on a solid is
known as ...
The pressure which is
exerted on a solid is
known as stress
104
physics- Pressure can be
calculated using the
following equation:
pressure =
force
area
105
Biology- What is evolution?
Scientists believe that the organisms which we see on Earth today have gradually developed over millions of years,
this is known as evolution
106
Biology-• Extinction can be caused by:
* Extinction can be caused by:
* Changes to the environment
* Destruction of habitat
* New diseases
* Introduction of new predators
* Increased competition
107
Biology- What is biodiversity?
When a species becomes extinct, the
variety of species within an ecosystem
is reduced, this is also known as a
reduction in biodiversity
108
Biology- What is Genetic modification?
Genetic modification is the process which scientists can use in
order to alter the genes of an organism
109
Biology- What is a dominant allele and a recessive allele ?
• Dominant alleles will cause the characteristic to be displayed even if they are with another allele,
this is represented by a capital letter
• Recessive alleles will not be displayed as characteristics unless there are two of the same allele,
they are the characteristic least likely to be shown, this is represented by a small letter
110
Biology- explain DNA
DNA is the material which contains all of this genetic information
DNA – in the shape of a double helix
Genes – a section of DNA which hold the
information for a particular characteristic
Chromosomes – long strands of DNA
which hold many genes, humans have
46 of these in the nucleus of cells
