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ks3 > Year 8 science eoyr > Flashcards

Year 8 science eoyr Flashcards

1
Q

Biology- What are drugs, and name the four different types of drugs?

A

Drugs are chemical substances which affects how the body works. The four different types are stimulants, hallucinogens, depressants and painkillers.

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2
Q

Biology-What are recreational and medicinal drugs?

A

Medicinal drugs are substances given to treat people with sicknesses ; a recreational drug is a chemical substance taken for enjoyment.

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3
Q

Biology- What are the consequences of a drug addiction?

A

Your body gets used to the changes that the drugs have caused and your body becomes dependent on them.

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4
Q

Biology-‘The chemicals in tobacco affect the…’ and what disease is this called?

A

‘The chemicals in tobacco affect the alveoli in your lungs’. The disease is called Emphysema.

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5
Q

Biology-What are the causes of nicotine?

A

Nicotine can cause the heart to beat faster. It also contains chemicals that cause cancer.

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6
Q

Biology-What does a balanced diet mean?

A

A balanced diet means eating food containing the right nutrients in the correct amounts!

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7
Q

Biology-What is a carbohydrate and furthermore, what is a complex carbohydrate?

A

A carb is simple carb which are found in foods such as sugar and fruit, provide a quick source of energy and complex carbs which are found in foods such as pasta and bread ; they have to be broken down by the body meaning the energy is released more slowly.

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8
Q

Biology-list three facts about lipids:

A
  • provide a store of energy
  • keep you warm by providing a layer of insulation under your skin
  • protect organs such as your kidneys and heart damage
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9
Q

Biology-What do proteins repair? And give examples on how they make new cells for growth.

A

Proteins are needed to repair body tissues and to make cells for growth. Examples are your muscles, organs and the immune system.

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10
Q

Biology- What is gas exchange?

A

Gas exchange is the process of taking in

oxygen and giving out carbon dioxide

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11
Q

Biology- Where does gas exchange occur?

A

This occurs in the respiratory system

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12
Q

Biology- What does the liver produce?

A

The liver produces bile which helps with digestion

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13
Q

Biology- What are enzymes and what do they do?

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts, they speed up the digestion of nutrients.- each enzyme is specific to each nutrients.

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14
Q

Biology- What is the enzyme for protein and what does it break down into?

A

proteases break proteins down into amino acids!

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15
Q

Biology- What is the enzyme for carbohydrates and what does it break down into?

A

car

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16
Q

Biology- What is respiration?

A

Respiration is the process in which energy is released from the molecules of food which you eat

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17
Q

Biology- Where does respiration happen?

A

Respiration happens in the mitochondria of the cell

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18
Q

Biology- What does aerobic respiration do?

A

Aerobic respiration involves oxygen, it is more efficient as all of the food is broken down to release energy

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19
Q

Biology- What is the word equation for respiration?

A

The word equation for aerobic respiration is: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy released

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20
Q

Biology- What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Anaerobic respiration is a type of respiration which does not use oxygen, it is used when the body cannot supply the
cells with enough oxygen for aerobic respiration
• Anaerobic respiration releases less energy than aerobic respiration

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21
Q

Biology- What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

glucose ➞ lactic acid + carbon dioxide

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22
Q

Biology- What is oxygen debt?

A

Lactic acid will build up if there is not enough oxygen present in the blood supply to break it down. This is known as an oxygen debt

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23
Q

Biology- What is fermentation?

A

Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration which occurs in yeast
• Instead of producing lactic acid, yeast produces ethanol, which is a type of alcohol

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24
Q

Biology- What is the word equation for fermentation?

A

glucose ➞ ethanol + carbon dioxide

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25
Q

Biology- What is photosynthesis

A

Photosynthesis is the process which occurs
in the chloroplasts to produce glucose using
sunlight
Any organism that can use photosynthesis to
produce its own food is known as a producer,
these are not just limited to plants but can
include other organisms such as algae

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26
Q

Biology- What is the word equation for photosynthesis

A

glucose + carbon dioxide ➞ glucose + oxygen

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27
Q

Biology-The rate of photosynthesis can be affected by:

A

The rate of photosynthesis can be affected by:
• Light intensity – the higher the light intensity the higher the rate of photosynthesis up to a point
• Carbon dioxide concentration – the higher the carbon dioxide concentration the higher the
rate of photosynthesis up to a point
• Temperature – the optimum temperature is the temperature at which photosynthesis
occurs at the highest rate, before and after this the rate will be less

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28
Q

chemistry- what is an element?

A

• An element is a substance that only contains one type of atom, it is found on the Periodic Table

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29
Q

chemistry- What is an atom?

A

• An atom is the smallest part of which an element can be broken down into

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30
Q

chemistry- What are compounds?

A

Compounds are formed when two or more different

elements chemically bond together

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31
Q

chemistry- what are polymers?

A

Polymers are long chains of groups of atoms which are

repeated many times

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32
Q

chemistry- What are natural and synthetic polymers?

A

Natural polymers are not man-made and include wool,
cotton, starch and rubber
• Synthetic polymers are man-made and include polythene,
polystyrene and nylon

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33
Q

chemistry- What are group 1 metals also known as?

A

Group 1 elements are also known as the alkali metals

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34
Q

chemistry- They share similar properties with other metals such as:

A

They share similar properties with other metals such as:
• Being shiny when freshly cut
• Being good conductors of electricity and heat

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35
Q

chemistry- What is a trend?

A

• The further down the group that the metal is, the more
vigorous the reaction will be. This is called a trend
• Another trend seen in Group 1 is with the boiling and
melting points: the further down the group, the lower the
boiling and melting points are

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36
Q

chemistry- what is a difference between group 1 metals and other metals?

A

Group 1 metals are much softer than other metals and

also have much lower melting and boiling points

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37
Q

chemistry- Group 1 elements react with water to form alkali solutions, give examples.

A

Group 1 elements react with water to form alkali solutions
lithium + water ➞ lithium hydroxide + hydrogen
metal + water ➞ metal hydroxide + hydrogen

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38
Q

chemistry- What are group 7 also known as?

A

Group 7 elements are also known as the halogens

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39
Q

chemistry- They share similar properties with other non metals such as:

A

They share similar properties with other non metals such as:
• Having low melting and boiling points
• Not conducting electricity
• Moving down the groups the elements have an increased melting and boiling point

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40
Q

chemistry- The halogens also react in a similar way to one another, for example with iron:

A

iron + chlorine ➞ iron chloride

iron + bromine ➞ iron bromide

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41
Q

chemistry- What is a displacement reaction?

A

Halogens can undergo displacement reactions, this is where a more reactive halogen
will take the place of a less reactive halogen

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42
Q

chemistry- The most reactive halogens are at the and

the least reactive halogens are at the?

A

The most reactive halogens are at the top of the group, and the least reactive halogens are
at the bottom of the group

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43
Q

physics- Sound waves cause particles to? this produces areas of and ?

A 
Sound waves cause particles to vibrate
backwards and forwards in the direction
of the wave, this produces areas of high
pressure (compression) and low pressure
(rarefaction)
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44
Q

physics- What is a transverse wave?

A

• Transverse waves vibrate at 90o to the direction at which they are travelling, they move up and down
as well as forward

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45
Q

physics- What are Longitudinal waves?

A

Longitudinal waves vibrate in the direction in which they are travelling

46
Q

physics- What is superposing?

A

When waves are put together they superpose, this means

they will either add together or cancel each other out

47
Q

physics- What happens when the waves are in line with one another?

A

When the waves are in line with one another they add

together, increasing the amplitude of the wave

48
Q

physics- What happens when the waves are not in line with one another?

A

When the waves are not in line, they will cancel each other

out, decreasing the amplitude of the wave

49
Q

physics- Humans can hear sounds

with a frequency between….?

A

Humans can hear sounds
with a frequency between
20–20000Hz.

50
Q

physics- What is an ultrasound?

A

ultrasound is any sound with
a frequency of higher than
20000Hz

51
Q

physics-As ultrasound has a high
frequency it causes the
particles it interacts with to…?
And what can it be used for?

A 
As ultrasound has a high
frequency it causes the
particles it interacts with to
vibrate more quickly, this
means that it can be used in:
• Ultrasonic cleaning – dirt
particles are ‘shaken’ off
of objects
• Physiotherapy – the
ultrasound waves causes
liquid particles in the body
to move more quickly and
hence get warmer
52
Q

physics- What are Radio waves used for?

A

TV signals

53
Q

physics- What are Microwaves used for?

A

mobile phones

54
Q

physics- What is infrared used for?

A

Heating and cooking

55
Q

physics- What is visible light used for?

A

Photography

56
Q

physics- what are ultraviolet waves used for?

A

Detecting forgeries,sunbeds

57
Q

physics- what are x rays used for ?

A

Imaging broken bones

58
Q

physics- What are Gamma rays used for?

A

Killing cancer cells

59
Q

physics- what is ionisation?

A

High energy waves can lead to ionisation, where

electrons are knocked off of atoms in cells

60
Q

physics- What are the ionising waves in the electromagnetic spectrum?

A

The ionising waves in the electromagnetic spectrum are gamma, X-rays and ultraviolet rays

61
Q

physics- What is work done?

A

In physics, work done is the energy transferred when a force is used to move an object a certain distance

62
Q

physics- What is work measured in?

A

Like energy, work is measured in Joules (J)

63
Q

physics- What are the situations work can be done in?

A

• Work can be done in a a range of situations e.g. lifting a book work is done against gravity, when you slide a book
along a table work is done against friction

64
Q

physics- What is the word equation for work?

A

We calculate work with the equation:

work done (J) = force (N) × distance moved (m)

65
Q

physics- What does a simple machine do?

A

A simple machine makes it easier to lift things, they reduce the force needed

66
Q

physics- What does a force multiplier do?

A

A force multiplier uses a smaller input force (what you apply) to to generate a larger output force (what is created)

67
Q

physics- What happens when you increase the distance from the pivot?

A

If you increase the distance from the pivot, less input force is needed to be used for the same output force as before

68
Q

physics- The thermal energy of a substance depends on the….

A

The thermal energy of a substance depends on the individual energy of all of the
particles, it is measures in Joules (J)

69
Q

physics- The faster the particles are moving, the more…

A

The faster the particles are moving, the more thermal energy they will have

70
Q

physics-The energy needed to increase the temperature of a substance depends on:

A

The energy needed to increase the temperature of a substance depends on:
• the mass of the substance
• what the substance is made of
• how much you want to increase the temperature by

71
Q

physics- What is radiation?

A

• Radiation is a method of transferring energy without the need for particles

72
Q

physics- What is an example of radiation? And what is this called?

A

An example of radiation is thermal energy being transferred from the Sun to us through space
(where there are no particles) • This type of radiation is known as infrared radiation, it is a type of wave just like light

73
Q

physics- The hotter an object is the more…

A

The hotter an object is the more infrared radiation it will emit (give out)

74
Q

physics- • The amount of radiation emitted and
absorbed depends on the surface of the
object: give examples.

A 
• The amount of radiation emitted and
absorbed depends on the surface of the
object:
• Darker matte surfaces absorb and
emit more infrared radiation
• Shiny and smooth surfaces absorb
and emit less infrared radiation,
instead reflecting this
• The amount of infrared radiation
being emitted can be viewed on
a thermal imaging camera
75
Q

physics- What is conduction?

A

Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy by the vibration of particles, it cannot happen without particles

76
Q

physics- when does conduction happen

A

Conduction happens effectively in solids as their particles are close together and can collide often as they vibrate around a fixed point

77
Q

physics- Are metals good thermal conductors and if so, why?

A

Metals are also good thermal conductors as they contain electrons
which are free to move

78
Q

physics- Why are gases and liquids poor conductors

A

Gases and liquids are poor conductors as their particles are spread
out and so do not collide often, we call these insulators

79
Q

physics- What is convection?

A

Convection is the transfer of thermal energy in a

liquid or a gas, it cannot happen without particles

80
Q

physics- A magnet has 2 poles what are they? and what do you attract and repel?

A 
A magnet has two poles, a north and a south pole
• North poles attract south poles
• South poles attract north poles
• South poles repel south poles
• North poles repel north poles
81
Q

physics- What is a magnetic field?

A

A magnetic field is an area where a magnetic material will experience a force

82
Q

physics- The closer together the magnetic field lines are, the…

A

• The closer together the magnetic field lines are,

the stronger the magnetic field will be

83
Q

physics- We can find out the shape of a

magnetic field in two ways:

A

We can find out the shape of a
magnetic field in two ways:
• Using plotting compasses
• Using iron filings

84
Q

physics- How are electromagnetics made?

A

Electromagnets are made by wrapping a coil of wire around a magnetic core

85
Q

physics- Do electromagnetics always work?

A

Electromagnets only work when electricity is flowing through the coil, which means that
they can be turned on and off

86
Q

physics- You can increase the strength of an electromagnet by:

A
  • You can increase the strength of an electromagnet by:
  • Increasing the number of turns on the coil around the core of the electromagnet
  • Increasing the current which is flowing through the coil of wire
  • Using a more magnetic material for the core, e.g. iron rather than aluminium
87
Q

physics- What do circuit breakers detect?

A

Circuit breakers detect large changes in current in a house, and will break
a circuit

88
Q

physics- What happens to the electromagnet when a large current flows.?

A

• When a large current flows, the electromagnet becomes strong enough to
attract an iron catch which will break a circuit

89
Q

physics- What is friction ?

A

Friction is a force which will slow down a moving object due to two surfaces rubbing on one another

90
Q

physics- When an object is moving through a fluid, either
liquid or gas, the force which slows it down is
known as…?

A

When an object is moving through a fluid, either
liquid or gas, the force which slows it down is
known as drag

91
Q

physics- Both drag and friction are…

A

Both drag and friction are contact forces

92
Q

physics- What are drag and friction measured in?

A

newtons (N)

93
Q

physics- What is moment?

A

A moment is the turning effect of a force, it is measured in Newton meters

94
Q

physics- We can calculate a moment with the equation:

A

We can calculate a moment with the equation:

moment (Nm) = force (N) × distance from the pivot (m)

95
Q

physics- What is the as equilibrium

A 
When an object, such as a seesaw,
is balanced, the clockwise and
the anticlockwise moments will
be equal and opposite, which is
known as equilibrium
96
Q

physics- What is extension?

A

Some objects, like springs, can be stretched, the amount that they stretch
is known as their extension

97
Q

physics- How can we apply force to a spring for it to be stretched?

A

A force needs to be applied to the spring for it to be stretched, we can
achieve this by adding masses which exert the force weight

98
Q

physics- What is elastic limit?

A

A spring will continue to stretch until it passes it’s elastic limit

99
Q

physics-If an object obeys Hooke’s law it will have a ….. : if the
force applied to the spring is doubled, the extension will….

A

If an object obeys Hooke’s law it will have a linear relationship: if the
force applied to the spring is doubled, the extension will double too

100
Q

physics- How is gas pressure caused?

A

• Gas pressure is caused by the particles of a gas colliding with the
wall of the container which they are in

101
Q

physics- • Gas pressure can be increased by:

A

• Gas pressure can be increased by:
• Heating the gas so the particles move more quickly and collide
with the container with a higher energy
• Compressing the gas so there are the same amount of particles
within a smaller volume meaning that there are more collisions
• Increasing the amount of particles within the same volume so
there are more collisions

102
Q

physics- What is Atmospheric pressure

A

Atmospheric pressure is the pressure which the air exerts on you
all of the time, nearer the ground there are more particles weighing
down on you so the pressure is greater

103
Q

physics- The pressure which is
exerted on a solid is
known as …

A

The pressure which is
exerted on a solid is
known as stress

104
Q

physics- Pressure can be
calculated using the
following equation:

A

pressure =
force
area

105
Q

Biology- What is evolution?

A

Scientists believe that the organisms which we see on Earth today have gradually developed over millions of years,
this is known as evolution

106
Q

Biology-• Extinction can be caused by:

A
  • Extinction can be caused by:
  • Changes to the environment
  • Destruction of habitat
  • New diseases
  • Introduction of new predators
  • Increased competition
107
Q

Biology- What is biodiversity?

A

When a species becomes extinct, the
variety of species within an ecosystem
is reduced, this is also known as a
reduction in biodiversity

108
Q

Biology- What is Genetic modification?

A

Genetic modification is the process which scientists can use in
order to alter the genes of an organism

109
Q

Biology- What is a dominant allele and a recessive allele ?

A

• Dominant alleles will cause the characteristic to be displayed even if they are with another allele,
this is represented by a capital letter
• Recessive alleles will not be displayed as characteristics unless there are two of the same allele,
they are the characteristic least likely to be shown, this is represented by a small letter

110
Q

Biology- explain DNA

A

DNA is the material which contains all of this genetic information
DNA – in the shape of a double helix
Genes – a section of DNA which hold the
information for a particular characteristic
Chromosomes – long strands of DNA
which hold many genes, humans have
46 of these in the nucleus of cells

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