Year 8 Revision Flashcards
What is the definition of a drug?
A chemical (taken into the body) that changes the way the body or mind works
What is the definition of medicinal drugs?
Are drugs that help people suffering from pain or disease
Calpol for example
What is the definition of recreational drugs?
Are drugs that are taken for pleasure
Some are legal some are illegal
Cocaine for example
Name some types of medicinal drugs.
Antibiotics
Paracetamol
Cough medicine
Name some types of recreational drugs that are legal
Tobacco
Alcohol
Caffeine
Name some types of illegal recreational drugs
Ecstasy
Cannabis
cocaine
What are the 4 main types of drugs
Painkillers
Hallucinogens
Stimulants
Depressants
What are the effects and risks of Heroin
Effects:
Slows down body functioning
Get a rush
In your first does dizziness
Risks:
Death from overdose
Respiratory failure
Infections such as HIV and aids
What are the effects and risks of cocaine
Effects:
Raises body temperature lasts for 20-30 minutes
Heart beat failure
Risks:
Feel like you have the flu
Depression
Overconfidence and carlessness
What are the effects and risks of cannabis
Effects:
Chilled out relaxed
Feel sick
Talkative
Risks :
Effects blood pressure
Panic or paranoia
Coordination
What are the effects and risks of ecstasy
Effects:
Feel alive and alert
More intense colours
More intense sounds
Risks:
Dilated pupils
Blood temperature rise
Panic attacks
What are the effects and risks of solvents
Effects:
Drunk and dizzy
Fits of giggles
Hangovers
Risks:
Vomiting
Blackouts
Heart problems failure
What happens when you inhale
Ribs move up
Lungs expand
Diaphragm flattens
Muscles contract
What happens when you exhale
Lungs become smaller
Ribs move down
Diaphragm moves up
Muscles relax
What does alcohol do to your reaction time
Increases the time
Where does alcohol go once you have drunk it?
It is absorbed into your blood and reaches organs such as the liver.
What could happen with a high intake of alcohol?
It can damage organs such as the liver
And if pregnant the alcohol can harm the developing foetus by effecting the brain.
What is the mixture of chemicals that is sticky and causes cancer when it is smoked, it also covers your lungs
Tar
What is the poisonous gas that will reduce the ability of the red blood cells to carrie oxygen in smoking
Carbon monoxide
What is the addictive drug that goes straight to your brain and increases your heart rate and blood pressure
Nicotine
What does second hand smoking increase risks of
Colds Asthma Damages the heart increases blood pressure Ear infection
What is effected by emphysema and bronchioles
Air sacks
Inflammation and mucus
What does periphery artery disease affect
Blood vessels because it increases the rate at which plaque builds up in blood vessels
How does smoking effect sperm
It effects sperm because they begin to lose the ability to function properly
What does tobacco do to your mouth
Gives you gum disease
Kills taste buds
What are some examples of foods containing minerals
Cheese, carrots, oranges, bananas, steak, eggs, brocoli
What are some examples of vitamin
Carrots, bananas, oranges.
What percentage of each main types of food should you have on a balanced diet?
Carbohydrates-30% Fruit and veg- 30% Dairy-15% Protein-20% Sweat foods/fats-5%
Vitamin a deficiency:
1) What is the name of the deficiency.
2) what are the symptoms
3) what is the food treatment.
1) nyctalopia/ night blindness
2) cannot see properly in the dark
3) carrots, fish, butter
Vitamin b deficiency:
1) what is the name of the deficiency
2) what are the symptoms
3) what is the treatment food
1) beri-beri
2) nerve disorder
3) egg
Vitamin c deficiency:
1) what is the name of the deficiency
2) what are the symptoms
3) what is the treatment food
1) scurvy
2) skin spots, bleeding gums death
3) citrus fruits, orange, cabbage
Vitamin d deficiency:
1) what is the name of the deficiency
2) what are the symptoms
3) what is the treatment food
1) rickets
2) bones become soft, permanent deformities
3) milk, fish, butter, eggs
Iron deficiency
1) what is the name of the deficiency
2) what are the symptoms
3) what is the treatment food
1) anaemia
2) tired easily, low haemoglobin
3) meat apples beans dry fruit
Iodine deficiency:
1) what is the name of the deficiency
2) what are the symptoms
3) what is the treatment food
1) goitre
2) swelling of the neck
3) iodised salt
Another vitamin b deficiency:
1) what is the name of the deficiency
2) what is the symptoms
3) what is the treatment food
1) pellagra
2) diarrhoea, dermatitis, dementia, death
3) beans milk eggs flour
Protein deficiency:
1) what is the name of the deficiency
2) what are the symptoms
3) what is the treatment food
1) kwashiorkor
2) irritability, drowsiness
3) carbohydrates high protein
What is the respiratory system?
It is a set of organs and tissues that help you bring air into and out of your body
How does oxygen reach our blood from the air?
Air goes through the noes and mouth into the trachea then down into the bronchus (bronci) and then into the bronchioles. At the ends of the bronchioles are tiny sacks of air called alveoli. From the alveoli oxygen diffuses into the blood.
What is gas exchange?
This is where oxygen is exchanged with carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a waste product that needs to be removed from our bodies.
How do we break down and absorbe food.
Large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules of nutrients.
What is the structure that food travels through to be digested?
The structure that food travels through to be digested is the gut.
Parts of the gut are the mouth, gullet, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.
Does the food travel though the gut with ease?
No, it tries to oppose it but the force acting on the food forces it through.
What happens to the food in the stomach with digestion?
In the stomach food is mixed with acid and digestive juices.
What happens in the small intestine with digestion?
Small molecules of nutrients are absorbed into the blood stream.
What happens in the large intestines with digestion?
Water is absorbed into the body
Wha happens in the mouth with digestion?
Food is chewed and mixed with saliva
What happens in the rectum with digestion?
Faeces are stored until they pass out the body.
What are the adaptions the small intestines have made to its function of absorbing nutrients?
The small intestines create villi which stick out of the wall and give it a big surface area, they also carrie blood capillaries which carry away food molecules.
Explain why it is good to eat a fibre rich diet?
The fibre prevents constipation.
The large molecules of food are insoluble which means they dissolve in water but they need to be small and soluble to pass through the lining of the large intestine
Facts so there in no back
Hi
What is an enzyme
Enzymes are chemicals that breakdown food
Where are enzymes found in the body?
Small intestine
Mouth
Stomach
What do these foods do for the body
1) carbohydrates
2) protein
3) fat
1) gives us energy
2) growth and repair
3) warmth and energy storage
Examples of the food source that contains this nutrience.
1) carbohydrates
2) protein
3) fats
1) bread
2) meat
3) fat on meat
Name the enzymes that break down these foods
1) carbohydrates
2) protein
3) fat
1) carbohydrase
2) protease
3) lipase
What are the conditions needed for the enzyme to work (acid alkalis or neutral)
1) carbohydrase
2) protease
3) lipase
1) neutral or slightly alkalis
2) acid
3) alkalis
What does the food molecule break down into?
1) carbohydrates
2) protein
3) fats
1) individual sugars
2) amino acids
3) glycerol and fatty acids
Where are they digested
1) carbohydrates
2) protein
3) fat
1) mouth
2) stomach
3) stomach
What solution do you add to foods to test them for starch
What colour do they turn from to
Add iodine solution
Turns from orange to dark blue
What solution do you add to test for protein
What colour does it turn from to
Add Biuret solution
It turns from blue to purple
What solution do you add to test for fat (lipids)
What colour does it turn from to
Add ethanol and water
Turns from colourless to cloudy
What solution do you add to test for sugar
What colour does it turn from to
You add Benedict’s solution and then place it in a hot bath
Turns from blue to green (if little sugar)
Turns from bue to brick red if a lot of sugar
What does nicotine cause to the lungs?
Causes inflammation
What are some facts about the mouth to do with digestion
Chew food to make it easier to digest
Produces saliva which makes it easier to swallow
Carbohydrates are digested in the mouth
What are medicinal drugs used for?
To them people who are sick to make them better
One example of medicinal drugs are?
Calpol
What are recreational drugs used for?
They are used for pleasure
Name some examples of recreational drugs?
Cocaine
Heroin
Nicotine
What drug does alcohol contain?
Ethanol
What are some symptoms of drug withdrawal
Bicycle legs
Discomfort
Depression
What is the definition of reactants in a chemical reaction?
The starting substances used in a reaction re the reactants
What is the definition of products in a chemical reaction?
The new substance formed in a reaction are the products
What is the definition of an element?
Is a pure substance (made of one material) can be solid liquid or gas
What is the definition of a pure substance?
A solid liquid or gas that is made up of one type of material
What is the definition of a compound?
It is two or more substances that are chemically bonded
What is the definition of a mixture
It is two or more substances that are not chemically bonded
What are the three things in the fire triangle?
Oxygen
heat
fuel
What is the symbols for methane
CH4
What is the definition of a complete combustion
Is a combustion that has lots of oxygen
What is the definition of an incomplete combustion?
It is a combustion that has a lack of oxygen
What is the definition of combustion?
Combustion is the scientific term for burning
What are the three things required for combustion
Oxygen
Fuel
Heat
What is an example of an incomplete combustion
Methane + a lack of oxygen is an incomplete combustion.
What is thermal decomposition?
It is the breaking of a compound using heat
Name some examples of substances that can be broken down using heat
Calcium
Magnesium
Zinc
Name one example of a substance that can be broken down using heat
Sodium
Name the 2 products that form when a fuel burns?
Carbon dioxide
Water
Why do we burn fuel?
To release energy
In a chemical reaction the total mas of the reactant is equal to the total mass of the product. Mass can only be transferred NOT CREATED OR DESTROYED
What is this key term called
The conservation of mass
What does endothermic mean?
An endothermic reaction is a reaction that takes in energy usually as heat, it transfers energy from he surroundings.
This also means that the temperature of the SURROUNDINGS DECREASE
What is the definition of exothermic?
An exothermic reaction is a reaction that gives out energy usually as heat or light, it transfers energy to the surroundings.
This means that the temperature of the SURROUNDINGS INCREASE
What is an example of an exothermic reaction?
The melting of ice
What is an example of an endothermic reaction?
The freezing of water
If there is an exothermic reaction being shown on an energy level diagram where is the reactant and where is the product
The reactant is at the top left hand side and the product is on the bottom right hand side
Where is the reactant and product shown in an endothermic reaction on an energy level diagram
The product is on the top right hand side and the reactant is on the bottom left hand side
What is the arrow that connects the product and the reactant on an energy level diagram
It represents the energy that has been released
Why is activation energy important in a reaction
Every reaction needs a little bit of energy (like a spark) to get started, this called activation energy
What is the definition of the conservation of mass
In a chemical reaction, the total mass of a product must be equal to the total mass of the reactant.
What is always produced in thermal decomposition
Carbon dioxide
When bonds are broken energy is taken in
When bonds are made energy is released
What reaction releases energy in our body
Respiration
Is respiration exothermic or endothermic
Respiration is an exothermic reaction
What is anaerobic respiration
This is when the body cannot supply the cells with oxygen needed to break down glucose, this is when the body has to Carrie out anaerobic respiration
What does aerobic respiration have that anaerobic does not?
Arebic respiration has oxygen in the reactant and carbon dioxide in the product but anaerobic respiration just has gluecose in the reactant and no oxygen
What is fermentation
This is a form of anaerobic respiration when glucose is sorted into ethanol in the presence of yeast
Glucose ———— ethanol+carbon dioxide
Yeast
What is the equation for photosynthesis
Light energy
Water + carbon dioxide —————— glucose + oxygen
Chlorophyll
Carbon dioxide comes from the air and diffuses into the leaves
Water comes from the rain
Glucose is used in respiration stored in starch or cellulose
Oxygen is also used in respiration
Fact card
How can you increase photosynthesis
Plenty of water
Lots of sunlight/artificial light
Lots of heat
Lots of carbon dioxide
Why do plants need nitrates
Used for protein
Why do plants need magnesium
Used to make chlorophyll
Why do plants need phosphates
Required for healthy roots
Why do plants need potassium
regulates stomata opening and closing
What is the definition of fertiliser
The chemicals that farmers add to the soil to prevent their crops from mineral deficiency
Notes on leaves
They are specially adapted for photosynthesis
Each component of a leaf has a special function that helps to carrie out photosynthesis
Are green- contain chlorophyll which absorbes light
Are thin- this allows gases to diffuse in and out of the leaf easily
Have a large surface area- to absorbe as much light as possible
Have veins- these contain xylem tubes which transport water, and phloem tubes which transports glucose
Why is the underneath of a leaf lighter than the top?
This is because the cells on the bottom of the leaf contain less chloroplasts which means less chlorophyll
Why does the top of the leaf have a waxy layer
To reduce the amount of water that evaporates of the leaf
What is stomata function
They are tiny holes in the leaf that allow gasses to diffuse in and out of the leaf
Carbon dioxide diffuse in and oxygen and water diffuse out
They open during the day and close during night
What is the function of the palisade layer
Contains cells packed with chloroplasts this is where most of the plans photosynthesis occurs
What is the function of the spongy layer
contains air spaces allowing carbon dioxide to diffuse throughout the leaf
Is bond braking exothermic or endothermic
Endothermic as it takes in energy
Is bond making exothermic or endothermic
Exothermic as it gives out energy
What is the definition of oxygen debt
A lack of oxygen at a certain time, means that more oxygen has to be taken in later
How does water get into the plant?
Water diffuses into the root cells, the hairs provide a large surface area to maximise the diffusion of water into the plant. The water is then transported around the plant in long hollow tubes called xylem tubes. These run throughout the plant. As the water evaporates from the leaves more water is drawn up through the plants.
What is photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is a chemical reaction in which carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light change into glucose and oxygen. Glucose is the plants food whereas oxygen is a waste product so it is released into the atmosphere.
What is stomata.
Stomata are little holes in the leaf that let gases diffuse in and out of the leaf.
