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Biology > Year 8 - Physiology > Flashcards

Year 8 - Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is aerobic respiration? What is the word equation?

A

Respiration that takes place with oxygen

Oxygen + Glucose → Carbon Dioxide + Water (+ energy)

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2
Q

What is the difference between respiration and breathing?

A

Respiration is a chemical reaction to produce energy

Breathing is the physical movement of air in and out of the lungs

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3
Q

In which organelle does respiration occur?

A

Mitochondria

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4
Q

What is anaerobic respiration? What is the word equation?

A

Respiration that takes place without oxygen

Glucose → Carbon Dioxide + Lactic Acid (+ energy)

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5
Q

Why do we sometimes use anaerobic respiration? Is it better than aerobic respiration?

A

When we no longer have enough oxygen in our bodies for respiration (Less efficient)

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6
Q

Explain the process of breathing in

A

The intercostal muscles contact and diaphragm contracts, assuming a flatter shape, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. This decreases the pressure inside the lungs, drawing in air to equalise the pressure

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7
Q

Explain the process of breathing out

A

The intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax, moving the ribs down and in. The diaphragm moves up, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and increasing the pressure, which results in the air flowing out of the lungs

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8
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

A non energy consuming process that takes in oxygen for respiration and excreting carbon dioxide as a waste product

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9
Q

Describe the process of gas exchange

A

Oxygen in the alveolus air space moves through the capillaries into the red blood cells by diffusion. Because the walls of the alveolus and capillaries are one cell thick, this makes gas exchange faster

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10
Q

Explain the adaptations of alveoli

A

Large surface area for easier gas exchange. One cell thick walls so diffusion takes place easily. Good blood supply to take the oxygen to the rest of the body

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11
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Carries glucose, carbon dioxide and hormones

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11
Q

What is in blood?

A

Red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells, plasma

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12
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

Carry oxygen around the body

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13
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Helps to clot the blood

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14
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

Defends against pathogens by either engulfing them or producing antibodies

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15
Q

What are the structures of white blood cells, plasma, platelets and red blood cells?

A

WBC - Flexible
Plasma - Water with many dissolved substances
Platelets - No nucleus, small fragments of cells
RBC - No nucleus, biconcave shape

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16
Q

What is a muscle?

A

A tissue in the body that contracts and relaxes to move bones

17
Q

What is an antagonistic pair of muscles?

A

A pair of muscles that work against each other

18
Q

What are tendons?

A

Cords that attach the muscles to the bones

19
Q

Why do muscles work in pairs?

A

Alone, a muscle can contract to pull a bone, but cannot move it back to it’s original position without the help of another muscle

20
Q

Explain how triceps and biceps work

A

When the bicep contracts, it gets shorter and fatter, the tricep relaxes and pulls on the bone, raising the arm. When the bicep relaxes, the tricep gets shorter and fatter, lowering the arm

21
Q

What type of skeleton do vertebrates have?

A

An endoskeleton (Internal skeleton)

22
Q

What type of skeleton do invertebrates have?

A

An exoskeleton (External skeleton)

23
Q

What are the four functions of a skeleton?

A

Shape
Movement
Protection
Production of blood cells

24
Q

What is a joint and what does it allow?

A

A joint is where bones meet, allowing movement in different directions

25
Q

What are the four types of joints?

A

Immovable, hinge, ball and socket, slightly movable

26
Q

Explain how ball and socket joints move

A

Allow movement in all directions and rotation (e.g. shoulder, hip)

27
Q

Explain how hinge joints move

A

Allow movement forwards and backwards (e.g. knee, elbow)

28
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

A joint filled with synovial fluid (e.g. knee, elbow, hip)

29
Q

Some invertebrates like worms have what type of skeleton?

A

Hydrostatic skeleton that consists of a fluid-filled cavity

30
Q

What are the characteristics of exoskeletons?

A

Rigid, need to be shed, heavy and can limit growth

31
Q

What are the characteristics of endoskeletons?

A

Internal structure made up of rigid structures of bone with some cartilage

32
Q

What is the definition of stroke volume?

A

Volume of blood pumped each heart beat

33
Q

What is the definition of heart rate?

A

Number of times the heart beats per minute

34
Q

What is the definition of cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood pumped in a minute

35
Q

What is the equation linking stroke volume, cardiac output and heart rate?

A

CO = SV x HR

36
Q

What are the long and short term effects on heart rate?

A

Long term - Decreases
Short term - Increases

37
Q

What are the long and short term effects on stroke volume?

A

Long term - Increases
Short term - Won’t change

38
Q

Explain the short term changes to heart rate?

A

When exercise starts, heart rate immediately increases so that cardiac output increases, resulting in more oxygen delivered around the body for respiration to release more energy. This means that muscles can avoid anaerobic respiration and fatigue

39
Q

Explain the long term changes to heart rate

A

With lots of regular exercise, heart rate decreases. The cardiac muscle in the heart gets stronger and so the stroke volume increases to produce the same cardiac output

40
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in plants?

A

In the leaves

41
Q

When are the guard cells open? Why?

A

During the day so the stomata can allow gases to flow in and out for respiration and photosynthesis with sunlight. Closed at night because there is no sunlight for photosynthesis

Biology (4 decks)

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